Fast End-to-End Speech Recognition Via Non-Autoregressive Models and Cross-Modal Knowledge Transferring From BERT

Abstract

Attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) models have achieved promising performance in speech recognition. However, because the decoder predicts text tokens (such as characters or words) in an autoregressive manner, it is difficult for an AED model to predict all tokens in parallel. This makes the inference speed relatively slow. In contrast, we propose an end-to-end non-autoregressive speech recognition model called LASO (Listen Attentively, and Spell Once). The model aggregates encoded speech features into the hidden representations corresponding to each token with attention mechanisms. Thus, the model can capture the token relations by self-attention on the aggregated hidden representations from the whole speech signal rather than autoregressive modeling on tokens. Without explicitly autoregressive language modeling, this model predicts all tokens in the sequence in parallel so that the inference is efficient. Moreover, we propose a cross-modal transfer learning method to use a text-modal language model to improve the performance of speech-modal LASO by aligning token semantics. We conduct experiments on two scales of public Chinese speech datasets AISHELL-1 and AISHELL-2. Experimental results show that our proposed model achieves a speedup of about $50\\times$ and competitive performance, compared with the autoregressive transformer models. And the cross-modal knowledge transferring from the text-modal model can improve the performance of the speech-modal model.