Magnetic Gradient Measurement Using Micro-Fabricated Shaped Rubidium Vapor Cell

Abstract

This paper presents a novel method to measure the magnetic gradient by an Mz atomic magnetometer using a micro-fabricated shaped rubidium vapor cell. The shaped vapor cell is fabricated by a chemical foaming process. Four micro radio frequency (RF) coils are mounted on the shaped rubidium vapor cell. Magnetic fields at the four points corresponding to the RF coils along the laser beam propagation are obtained by measuring Larmor frequency of the rubidium atoms inside the vapor cell. The magnetic gradients are also acquired with the measured magnetic fields. The measurement is performed in a magnetic shield environment. A dc electrical coil is taken to produce an existed magnetic field for the measurement and the theoretical magnetic field distribution is calculated. It is demonstrated that the measured magnetic fields and magnetic gradients correspond well with the calculated ones. Results show that the absolute error of the magnetic field is less than $0.1~\\mu \\text{T}$ , the relative error of the magnetic field is below 0.8%, and the relative error of the magnetic gradient is below 5.5%. Results also indicate that the atomic magnetometer has a sensitivity of 5 pT/Hz1/2 from 1 to 2 Hz. The Mz atomic magnetometer is potentially useful for applications requiring gradient field information.