Fast and High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Hybrid-Domain Photoacoustic Imaging Incorporating Analytical-Focused Transducer Beam Amplitude

Abstract

Recently, many reconstruction methods have been developed to improve the lateral resolution of acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ARPAM) in out-of-focus regions. Though these methods enhance image resolution to some extent, they require advanced computational hardware and large computational time, especially for three-dimensional (3-D) cases. However, some methods do not consider the finite size of a transducer, while others employ numerical discretization to build a focused transducer model that is less efficient and accurate. To overcome these problems, we propose a 3-D ARPAM imaging reconstruction method with high precision, high efficiency, and low memory cost. It inherits the framework of model-based reconstructions and incorporates the forward acoustic model in the hybrid domain. This hybrid-domain acoustic model promotes an analytical solution to establish a focused transducer model. Furthermore, the non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) and deconvolution methods are introduced to reduce the required computational time and memory volume for 3-D reconstructions. According to the experimental results reconstructed by the proposed method, the lateral resolution of an ARPAM image recorded by a 20-MHz focused transducer (NA 0.393) can reach 88.39 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation= LaTeX >$\\mu \\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This resolution exceeds the diffraction limitation of the focused transducer (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation= LaTeX >$137.8~\\mu \\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). When reconstructing a 3-D image with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation= LaTeX >${200}\\times {200}\\times {150}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pixels, the proposed method takes only 8.15 s using a laptop loaded with Intel Core i7-8550U CPU at 1.8 GHz and 1.06-GB memory.