Trunk injection of fosetyl-aluminium controls the root disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on Quercus ilex woodlands

Abstract

Agronomy Department, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain Department of Biogeochemistry, Plant and Microbial Ecology, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain Correspondence María E. Sánchez, Agronomy Department, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain. Email: [email protected] Funding information European Union, European Commission, EASME, LIFE programme, Grant/Award Number: LIFE+ 11 BIO/ES/000726; Fundación BBVA, Spain, Grant/Award Number: project 075_15 In Spain, Quercus open woodlands are animal ranching systems of organic production seriously threatened by the exotic pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The root disease it causes kills thousands of oaks annually. Effective disease management needs to integrate different techniques, and the use of a resistance inducer such as fosetyl-Al can play a key role, because the use of potassium phosphite is prohibited in Spain. In a woodland where the pathogen recently arrived, 60 holm oaks in three different defoliation classes (asymptomatic, slight and moderate defoliation) were selected for trunk injection with pressurised capsules containing 4% of commercial fosetyl-Al or water (controls). Holm oaks were checked periodically for defoliation and presence of the pathogen in roots and rhizosphere soil. Three years after treatments, defoliation was significantly lower in oaks treated with fosetyl-Al, which even increased canopy cover, in comparison with control oaks, independent of the initial defoliation class considered. Chlamydospore density in rhizosphere soil, as well as the presence of the pathogen into the roots, was not significantly influenced by fosetyl-Al treatments, although a trend to a lower presence of P. cinnamomi in roots was observed in treated oaks at every soil inoculum density detected. This study has shown that fosetyl-Al, a phosphonate registered as a fungicide in the European Union, provides protection to holm oaks against P. cinnamomi, even exhibiting a therapeutic effect on pre-existing infections. Consequently, this effective measure should be considered as part of the integrated approach to control this highly destructive pathogen in holm oak woodlands.