Panoramic Smoking Burden and Genetic Susceptibility in Relation to All-cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Study in UK Biobank.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS\nVarious smoking behaviors, including smoking initiation, age of initiation, heaviness of smoking, and smoking cessation, have been individually related to the risk of mortality; however, no study has assessed these smoking behaviors jointly in relation to mortality. Our study aimed to measure prospectively the association of panoramic smoking burden (PSB), generated from the four aforementioned smoking behaviors, with all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and measure whether such associations are modified by genetic variations.\n\n\nDESIGN\nProspective cohort study.\n\n\nSETTING\nUK Biobank.\n\n\nPARTICIPANTS\nA total of 360,937 participants aged between 37 and 73 years were enrolled in 2006-2010 and followed up through 2018.\n\n\nMEASUREMENTS\nThe exposure was PSB, constructed based on four smoking behaviors including smoking initiation, age of initiation, heaviness of smoking, and smoking cessation in a weighted method. A genetically determined PSB was also constructed with smoking-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and categorized into tertiles. The primary outcomes were all-cause and cause-specific mortality.\n\n\nFINDINGS\nWe identified 15,968 deaths (9,022 from cancer and 5,092 from cardiovascular disease (CVD)) over a median of 11 years follow-up. For all-cause mortality, compared with participants with the PSB of zero, the hazard ratios of participants who had a PSB of one, two, three, and four were 1.23 (95% CIs: 1.18-1.29), 1.66 (1.59-1.75), 3.33 (3.17-3.51), and 5.76 (4.66-7.13), respectively. Among participants within each genetic risk category, low and intermediate PSB were associated with 45%~58% reduced risk of all-cause death compared with high PSB. Analysis of population attributable risk percent indicated that 21.9%, 19.1%, and 24.7% of all-cause, cancer- and CVD-specific death could have been avoided if all ever smokers initiated smoking after 18 years old, smoked <20 cigarettes/day, and quit smoking.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPanoramic smoking burden (PSB), based on smoking initiation, age of initiation, heaviness of smoking, and smoking cessation, appears to be associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a gradient manner with increasing PSB independent of other traditional and genetic risk factors.