Differences in cytokine and chemokine profiles in cerebrospinal fluid caused by the etiology of cryptococcal meningitis and tuberculous meningitis in HIV patients

Abstract

The roles of cytokines and chemokines in HIV‐associated cryptococcal meningitis (HCM) and HIV‐associated tuberculous meningitis (HTBM) are debatable. In sum, 34 HIV‐infected patients without meningitis, 44 HCM patients and 27 HTBM patients were enrolled for study. The concentrations of 22 cytokines/chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were assayed at admission. Principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson’s and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the role of cytokines/chemokines in HCM and HTBM. We found the levels of T helper (Th)17, Th1 [interleukin (IL)‐12p40, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and TNF‐β and Th2 (IL‐2/4/5/6/10)] cytokines were elevated in patients with meningitis compared with those in HIV‐infected patients without central nervous system (CNS) infection. Furthermore, the IL‐1Ra, IL‐12p40, IL‐17α and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) levels were higher in HCM patients, while the IFN‐γ, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and interferon‐inducible protein‐10 (IP)‐10 levels were higher in HTBM patients. Elevated CSF concentrations of IL‐17a, TNF‐β, IL‐5, IL‐12p40 and IL‐1Rα were closely related to meningitis, but elevated IP‐10, MCP‐1, RANTES and IFN‐γ levels and CSF white blood cells (WBCs) were protective factors against HCM. Our study suggested that HIV‐infected patients with low CSF WBCs have a high risk of HCM. Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines/chemokines mediate differences in the pathogenesis of HCM and TBM. Overexpressed proinflammatory MCP‐1, RANTES, IFN‐γ and IP‐10 in CSF are protective factors against HCM but not HTBM.