Pertussis seroprevalence in mother–infant pairs from India: role of maternal immunisation

Abstract

Objective To evaluate pertussis antibody status of pregnant women and their newborns, and the impact of antenatal immunisation. Design Observational study. Setting Hospitals in urban western India. Participants Pregnant women and their newborns. Methods Pertussis antibody titres in mothers and their newborns were determined. Vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers and their newborns were compared for baseline characteristics, geometric mean titres (GMTs) and placental transfer ratio of antibodies. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to understand the influence of different factors on protective antibody titres. Results Of 284 mother–infant pairs, 75 mothers and 73 of their newborns were seropositive for anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies. 94\u2009women were vaccinated in pregnancy; 51 (54.3%) of these mothers and newborns were PT IgG positive, compared with 24 (12.3%) of the women (and 22 newborns) not vaccinated in pregnancy. Women vaccinated in pregnancy and their newborns had higher GMT (30.88 and 32.54\u2009IU/mL), compared with women who were not vaccinated (12.63%, 2.24\u2009IU/mL) and their newborns (11.58%, 2.53\u2009IU/mL). Placental transfer ratios in newborns of mothers vaccinated in pregnancy and those who had childhood immunisation or natural immunity were similar (1.05 and 1.12, respectively). Protective titres of antibodies at birth (>20\u2009IU/mL) were observed in 72.3% vs 21% of newborns of vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant women, respectively; influenced by mother’s vaccination status and seropositivity. Conclusion Protection against pertussis is low in newborns of mothers who are only immunised during childhood. Vaccination early in pregnancy boosts maternal and neonatal immunity. This observational study showed that in one location in India, pertussis immunity among pregnant women was low (12%) pertussis immunization in early pregnancy resulted in a higher proportion (54%) of mothers and newborns with pertussis antibodies at a protective level. The appropriate timing of maternal immunization is discussed.