I-PASS handover system: a decade of evidence demands action

Abstract

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial reuse. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. In this issue of BMJ Quality and Safety, JorroBarón and colleagues report the findings of a steppedwedge cluster randomised trial (SWCRT) to evaluate the implementation of the IPASS handover system among six paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) at five Argentinian hospitals between July 2018 and May 2019. According to the authors, prior to the intervention there were complaints that handovers were ‘...lengthy, disorganized, ...participants experienced problems with interruptions, distractions, and ... senior professionals had problems accepting dissent’. Adverse events were assessed by two independent reviewers using the Global Assessment of Pediatric Patient Safety instrument. Study results demonstrated significantly improved handover compliance in the intervention group, validating Kirkpatrick Level 3 (behavioural change) effectiveness of the training initiative. Notably, however, on the primary outcome there were no differences between control and intervention groups regarding preventable adverse events per 1000 days of hospitalisation (control 60.4 (37.5–97.4) vs intervention 60.4 (33.2–109.9), p=0.998, risk ratio: 1.0 (0.74–1.34)). Regarding balancing measures, there was no observed difference in the ‘fullshift’ handover duration (control 35.7 min (29.6–41.8); intervention 34.7 min (26.5–42.1), p=0.490), although more time was spent on individual patient handovers in the intervention period (7.29 min (5.77–8.81); control 5.96 min (4.69–7.23); p=0.001). From the provider perspective, preintervention and postintervention Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) safety culture surveys did not show significant differences in their responses to communicationfocused questions before and after the intervention. Thus, consistent with all previous studies, IPASS was implemented successfully and handover quality improved. However, is the lack of association of IPASS implementation with clinical outcomes and adverse events in this study a concern? To answer this question, it is necessary to review the origins of IPASS more than a decade ago and its continually expanding evidence base.