Concentrations of Cotinine and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) in U.S. Non-Daily Cigarette Smokers

Abstract

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that non-daily smokers have higher disease and mortality risks than never smokers. Yet, the accuracy of self-reported non-daily cigarette smoking is poorly understood. Methods: We examined the concordance between self-reported non-daily smoking and serum cotinine in 18,835 adult participants (20 years or older) of the 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, in comparison with daily smokers and nonsmokers. We also analyzed concentrations of the urinary biomarker 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) by smoking status. Results: In the study sample, 77.8% (14,660) reported currently not smoking (nonsmokers), 18.3% (3,446) smoked every day (daily smokers), and 3.9% (729) smoked on some days of the past month (non-daily smokers). Just 2.1% of nonsmokers had cotinine concentrations in the active smoking range (>10 ng/mL), compared with 70.4% of non-daily and 98.8% of daily smokers. Non-daily smokers reported smoking a median of 24 cigarettes per month [interquartile range (IQR) = 9–60] and had substantially higher concentrations of NNAL (median = 72.5; IQR = 14.8–211.0 pg/mL) than nonsmokers (median = 0.4; IQR = 0.4–2.1 pg/mL), although lower than daily smokers (median = 294.0; IQR = 148.0–542.0 pg/mL). Among non-daily smokers, concentrations of cotinine and NNAL were positively correlated with days and cigarettes smoked per month (P < 0.001). Conclusions: We observed excellent concordance between self-reported non-daily cigarette smoking and concentrations of serum cotinine. Impact: These results provide evidence for the validity of self-reported non-daily smoking and indicate that non-daily smokers are exposed to substantial concentrations of carcinogenic nitrosamines regardless of the low number of cigarettes they smoke per month.