Diff-Quik Cytology Smears from Endobronchial Ultrasound Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Lymph Node Specimens as a Source of DNA for Next-Generation Sequencing Instead of Cell Blocks

Abstract

Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in lung cancer specimens from endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is usually performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell block material. Objectives: Since DNA can be damaged by this process, we investigated the potential of using DNA extracted from Diff-Quik cytology smears made for rapid on-site evaluation during EBUS-TBNA. Methods: In a prospective study, 67 patients undergoing diagnostic EBUS-TBNA were analysed. We compared cell blocks and smears for DNA yields and sequencing (TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel) outcomes. Smears were also evaluated for tumour cell fraction and overall cellularity (cell count). Results: Primary lung cancer was diagnosed in 64 patients and metastatic malignancy in 3 patients. The DNA yield from smears was significantly higher than that obtained from matched cell blocks (mean 1,740 vs. 434 ng; p = 0.001). For 33 cases with matched smears and cell blocks the mutation profiles were similar. Smears with abundant malignant cells (using a cut-off of > 25% tumour cell fraction and > 1,000 cells) accurately predicted high (> 50 ng) DNA yield and therefore success in triaging samples to sequencing. In terms of tissue workflow, using only smears as source DNA for sequencing was an improvement in the use of only cell blocks (54/67 [80.6%] vs. 41/67 [61.2%]); however, the use of cell blocks when smears were not available or did not yield sufficient DNA further improved the success rate to 62/67 (92.5%) cases. Conclusion: We recommend smears in laboratory workflows as the primary source of DNA for NGS following an EBUS procedure.