Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and acute toxicity effects of fermented soybean

Abstract

BackgroundTempeh is a widely known fermented soybean that contains elevated level of bioactive contents. Our previous study has shown that anaerobic fermented Nutrient Enriched Soybean Tempeh (NESTE) with increase amino acid and antioxidant levels possessed better hepatoprotective effect than raw soybean.MethodsIn this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the NESTE aqueous extract and raw soybean aqueous extract (SBE) were evaluated by quantifying the inhibition of IL-1β, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) secretion in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cell in vitro. On the other hand, in vivo oral acute toxicity effect of the extract was tested on mice at the dose of 5000\u2009mg/kg body weight. In vivo oral analgesic effect of both aqueous extracts at 200 and 1000\u2009mg/kg body weight was evaluated by the hot plate test.ResultsIn the in vitro anti-inflammatory study, 5\u2009mg/mL NESTE was able to inhibit 25.50\u2009±\u20092.20%, 35.88\u2009±\u20093.20% and 28.50\u2009±\u20093.50% of NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cells without inducing cytotoxic effect on the cells. However, this effect was lower than 4\u2009μg/mL of curcumin, which inhibited NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production by 89.50\u2009±\u20095.00%, 78.80\u2009±\u20096.20% and 87.30\u2009±\u20094.00%, respectively. In addition, 1.5 to 2.5-fold increase of latency period up to 120\u2009min for mice in the hot plate test was achieved by 1000\u2009mg/kg NESTE. The analgesic effect of NESTE was better than 400\u2009mg/kg of acetyl salicylic acid, which only increased ~\u20091.7-fold of latency period up to 90\u2009min. Moreover, NESTE did not show acute toxicity (no LD50) up to 5000\u2009mg/kg body weight.ConclusionNESTE is a nutritious food ingredient with potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.