Longitudinal analysis of gamma delta T cell subsets during malaria infections in Malian adults

Abstract

BackgroundImmunity that limits malarial disease is acquired over time, but adults living in endemic areas continue to become infected and can require treatment for clinical illness. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, particularly the Vδ2+\u2009subset, have been associated with development of clinical malaria in children. In this study, the dynamics of total γδ T cells, Vδ2+\u2009and Vδ2− T cells were measured during a malaria transmission season in Malian adults.MethodsThis study explored γδ T cell dynamics and Plasmodium falciparum infection outcomes over the course of the malaria transmission season in Malian adults enrolled in the placebo arm of a double-blind randomized vaccine trial. All volunteers were treated with anti-malarial drugs prior to the start of the transmission season and blood smears were assessed for P. falciparum infection every 2\xa0weeks from July 2014 to January 2015. The study participants were stratified as either asymptomatic infections or clinical malaria cases. Vδ2+\u2009and Vδ2− γδ T cell frequencies and activation (as measured by CD38 expression) were measured in all study participants at baseline and then every 2\xa0months using a whole blood flow cytometry assay.ResultsForty of the forty-three subjects became infected with P. falciparum and, of those, 21 individuals were diagnosed with clinical malaria at least once during the season. The γδ T cell percentage and activation increased over the duration of the transmission season. Both the Vδ2+\u2009and Vδ2− γδ T cells were activated by P. falciparum infection.Conclusionγδ T cells increased during a malaria transmission season and this expansion was noted in both the Vδ2+\u2009and Vδ2− γδ T cells. However, neither expansion or activation of either γδ T cell subsets discriminated study participants that had asymptomatic infections from those that had clinical malaria cases.