Normal and reference values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance-based pulse wave velocity in the middle-aged general population

Abstract

Background Aortic stiffness, assessed through pulse wave velocity (PWV), is an independent predictor for cardiovascular disease risk. However, the scarce availability of normal and reference values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) based PWV is limiting clinical implementation. The aim of this study was to determine normal and reference values for CMR assessed PWV in the general population. Methods From the 2,484 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study that have available CMR-PWV data, 1,394 participants free from cardiovasculard disease, smokers or treatment for diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidaemia were selected (45–65\xa0years, 51% female). Participants were divided into sex, age and blood pressure (BP) subgroups. Normal values were specified for participants with a BP\u2009<\u2009130/80\xa0mmHg and reference values for elevated BP subgroups (≥\u2009130/80 and\u2009<\u2009140/90\xa0mmHg; and\u2009≥\u2009140/90\xa0mmHg). Differences between groups were tested with independent samples t-test or ANOVA. Due to an oversampling of obese individuals in this study, PWV values are based on a weighted analysis making them representative of the general population. Results Normal mean PWV was 6.0\xa0m/s [95% CI 5.8–6.1]. PWV increased with advancing age and BP categories (both p\u2009<\u20090.001). There was no difference between sex in normal PWV, however in the BP\u2009>\u2009140/90\xa0mmHg women had a higher PWV (p\u2009=\u20090.005). The interpercentile ranges were smaller for participants\u2009<\u200955\xa0years old compared to participants\u2009≥\u200955\xa0years, indicating an increasing variability of PWV with age. PWV upper limits were particularly elevated in participants\u2009≥\u200955\xa0years old in the high blood pressure subgroups. Conclusion This study provides normal and reference values for CMR-assessed PWV per sex, age and blood pressure category in the general population.