Severe traumatic brain injury and hypotension is a frequent and lethal combination in multiple trauma patients in mountain areas – an analysis of the prospective international Alpine Trauma Registry

Abstract

Background Hypotension is associated with worse outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and maintaining a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥110\u2009mmHg is recommended. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of TBI in patients suffering multiple trauma in mountain areas; to describe associated factors, treatment and outcome compared to non-hypotensive patients with TBI and patients without TBI; and to evaluate pre-hospital variables to predict admission hypotension. Methods Data from the prospective International Alpine Trauma Registry including mountain multiple trauma patients (ISS\u2009≥\u200916) collected between 2010 and 2019 were analysed. Patients were divided into three groups: 1) TBI with hypotension, 2) TBI without hypotension and 3) no TBI. TBI was defined as Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) of the head/neck ≥3 and hypotension as SBP <\u2009110\u2009mmHg on hospital arrival. Results A total of 287 patients were included. Fifty (17%) had TBI and hypotension, 92 (32%) suffered TBI without hypotension and 145 (51%) patients did not have TBI. Patients in group 1 were more severely injured (mean ISS 43.1\u2009±\u200917.4 vs 33.3\u2009±\u200915.3 vs 26.2\u2009±\u200918.1 for group 1 vs 2 vs 3, respectively, p \xa0<\u20090.001). Mean SBP on hospital arrival was 83.1\u2009±\u200912.9 vs 132.5\u2009±\u200919.4 vs 119.4\u2009±\u200925.8\u2009mmHg ( p \xa0<\u20090.001) despite patients in group 1 received more fluids. Patients in group 1 had higher INR, lower haemoglobin and lower base excess ( p \xa0<\u20090.001). More than one third of patients in group 1 and 2 were hypothermic (body temperature\u2009<\u200935\u2009°C) on hospital arrival while the rate of admission hypothermia was low in patients without TBI (41% vs 35% vs 21%, for group 1 vs 2 vs 3, p \xa0=\u20090.029). The rate of hypothermia on hospital arrival was different between the groups ( p \xa0=\u20090.029). Patients in group 1 had the highest mortality (24% vs 10% vs 1%, p \xa0<\u20090.001). Conclusion Multiple trauma in the mountains goes along with severe TBI in almost 50%. One third of patients with TBI is hypotensive on hospital arrival and this is associated with a worse outcome. No single variable or set of variables easily obtainable at scene was able to predict admission hypotension in TBI patients.