The effects of quercetin on seizure, inflammation parameters and oxidative stress in acute on chronic tramadol intoxication

Abstract

Background Tramadol is a widely used synthetic opioid for moderate to severe pain. Some studies have shown that tramadol can increase oxidative stress in different tissues of the body. Quercetin is also a substance with various biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective activities. The current investigation aimed at determining the effects of quercetin, with or without naloxone, on tramadol intoxication. Methods This study was performed on 30 male Wistar rats divided into five groups: Group I) control group: intraperitoneal injections of normal saline 0.9% for 14\u2009days; Group II) tramadol: 25\u2009mg/kg for 14\u2009days, and then a 50\u2009mg/kg acute dose injection on the last day; Group III) acute quercetin (single dose): tramadol injection as with the second group plus 100\u2009mg/kg of quercetin on the last day; Group IV) chronic quercetin: tramadol injection similar to the second group plus quercetin 100\u2009mg/kg for 14\u2009days; Group V) quercetin plus naloxone: tramadol injection similar to the second group plus injection of quercetin 100\u2009mg/kg\u2009+\u2009intravenous naloxone 2\u2009mg/kg on the last day, followed by a 4\u2009mg/kg/h injection of naloxone for six hours. The rats were monitored for six hours on the last day, relating to the number and severity of seizures. Finally, the samples were prepared for biochemical investigation of the serum level of oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, NOx), inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α), biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, creatinine, glucose) and hematological assay. The liver, heart, kidney, cortex, cerebellum, and adrenal tissues were collected to investigate the redox state. Results None of the treatments had positive effects on the number and severity of seizures. Chronic administration of quercetin led to alteration of some blood parameters, including reduced hemoglobin level and elevated platelet counts. Acute on chronic tramadol administration resulted in a significant rise in AST, where different treatments failed to reduce their levels down to the control group. Conclusion chronic administration of quercetin showed decreased oxidative/nitrosative stress in the liver, kidney, adrenal, and heart tissues. Quercetin plus naloxone decreased oxidative stress in the heart and adrenal tissues, but adverse effects on the brain cortex and hepatic function. Single-dose quercetin reduced cardiac oxidative stress.