High-Throughput Molecular Analysis of Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b Patients Reveals Novel Genetic and Epigenetic Defects.

Abstract

CONTEXT\nPatients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP1b) show disordered imprinting of the maternal GNAS allele or paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Genetic deletions in STX16 or in upstream exons of GNAS are present in many familial but not sporadic cases.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nCharacterization of epigenetic and genetic defects in patients with PHP1b.\n\n\nDESIGN AND PATIENTS\nDNA from 84 subjects, including 26 subjects with sporadic PHP1b, 27 affected subjects and 17 unaffected and/or obligate gene carriers from 12 PHP1b families, 11 healthy individuals, and 3 subjects with PHP1a was subjected to quantitative pyrosequencing of GNAS differentially methylated regions (DMRs), microarray analysis, and microsatellite haplotype analysis.\n\n\nSETTING\nAcademic medical center.\n\n\nMAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS\nMolecular pathology of PHP1b.\n\n\nRESULTS\nHealthy subjects, unaffected family members and obligate carriers of paternal PHP1b alleles, and subjects with PHP1a showed normal methylation of all DMRs. All PHP1b subjects showed loss of methylation (LOM) at the exon A/B DMR. Affected members of nine PHP1b kindreds showed LOM only at the exon A/B DMR, which was associated with a 3-kb deletion of STX16 exons 4-6 in seven families and a novel deletion of STX16 and adjacent NEPEPL1 in one family. A novel NESP deletion was found in one of two other families with more extensive methylation defects. One sporadic PHP1b had UPD of 20q, two had 3-kb STX16 deletions, and five had apparent epigenetic mosaicism.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nWe found diverse patterns of defective methylation and identified novel or previously known mutations in 9 of 12 PHP1b families.