Multiparametric transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal bleeding: diagnostic performance of a transvaginal algorithm and reproducibility amongst less experienced observers.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE\n(a) To comparatively evaluate the performance of grayscale ultrasound features, power Doppler (PD) blood flow characteristics, and gel infusion sonography (GIS) in diagnosing endometrial cancer during real-time examination, (b) to compare the performance of real-time diagnosis of endometrial cancer by experienced observers with offline analysis by blinded observers using similar sonographic criteria during review of cine loop clips.\n\n\nMETHODS\n152 females with post-menopausal bleeding (PMB) had ET ≥ 4\u2009mm at first-line ultrasound were included. Two experienced radiologists evaluated endometrial patterns at real-time evaluation (grayscale ultrasound, PD, and GIS), then examinations were stored as video clips for later evaluation by two less-experienced radiologists. The reference standard was hysteroscopy (HY) and/or hysterectomy with the histopathological examination. The area under (AUC) the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to assess the diagnostic performance for the prediction of endometrial cancer.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAmong 152 females with ET ≥ 4\u2009mm at first line TVUS, 88 (57.9%) patients had endometrial cancer on final pathologic analysis. Real-time ultrasound criteria (ET ≥ 5\u2009mm with the presence of irregular branching endometrial blood vessels or multiple vessels crossing EM or areas with densely packed color-splash vessels with non-intact or interrupted EMJ at the grayscale ultrasound and/or GIS) correctly diagnosed 95% of endometrial cancers with 92% diagnostic efficiency.There is comparable accuracy of real-time evaluation (96%) and offline analysis (92%) after the exclusion of poor quality videos from the analysis. The diagnostic criteria showed good to an excellent agreement between real-time ultrasound and offline analysis.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nWhen real-time ultrasound is performed with good technique, utilizing multiple parameters, it is possible to diagnose endometrial cancer with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility.\n\n\nADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE\nwhen real-time ultrasound is performed with good technique, utilizing multiple parameters, it is possible to diagnose endometrial cancer with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility.