TMAO reductase, a biomarker for gut permeability defect induced inflammation, in mouse model of chronic kidney disease and dextran sulfate solution-induced mucositis.

Abstract

BACKGROUND\nThe excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (uremic toxin) into the intestine might be enhanced, due to the limited renal elimination in chronic kidney disease (CKD), possibly induced TMAO reductase (a TMAO-neutralizing enzyme) in gut bacteria. Detection of TMAO reductase in serum could be used as a biomarker of gut permeability defect.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo explore the correlation between serum TMAO reductase, gut leakage, and systemic inflammation in CKD.\n\n\nMETHODS\nMouse models of gut leakage; including 5/6 nephrectomy-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD), a model without colitis, and 1.5% dextran sulfate solution (DSS), a colitis model, were performed. In parallel, serum samples from patients with chronic hemodialysis (n = 48) and the healthy control (n = 20) were analyzed.\n\n\nRESULTS\nGut-leakage (FITC-dextran, endotoxemia, and reduced intestinal tight junction protein) was detected in both CKD and DSS models. While TMAO reductase and TMAO were elevated in the serum of both mouse models and patients, TMAO reductase correlated with TMAO, gut- leakage, and serum IL-6 only in mice but not in patients. Notably, endotoxemia was used as a surrogate marker of gut leakage in patients. In patients, TMAO reductase and TMAO did not correlate with serum IL-6 and vascular complications using the ankle-brachial index and cardio-ankle vascular index.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nSerum TMAO reductase was elevated in CKD mice and patients with CKD. Serum TMAO reductase was correlated with TMAO and gut-leakage only in mice but not in patients. Further studies in patients are needed to determine the benefit of serum TMAO reductase in patients with CKD.