Ce n’est pas technique, c’est politique: les disputes dans le domaine du droit d’auteur au Brésil

Abstract

Resume: Les politiques publiques sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins touchent plusieurs parties prenantes ayant de differentes perspectives sur la propriete intellectuelle. Les etudes soulignent souvent l’existence de deux coalitions : l’une qui defend la flexibilisation du systeme et l’autre appuyant le durcissement de la protection. Neanmoins, la realite est bien plus complexe que cela, car chaque coalition est composee par des membres ayant des interets divers et frequemment divergents. Des utilisateurs, des auteurs, des maisons de disques et des services numeriques ont souvent des visions du monde dissonantes, ainsi que de differents niveaux de ressources pour influencer les actions du gouvernement. Cet article vise a presenter des reflexions sur la mobilisation politique des membres des industries creatives et leur influence sur la legislation concernant le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins au Bresil. Le but est d’identifier les coalitions dans ce domaine, leurs visions politiques et l’acces aux decisions publiques. En plus d’aborder la philosophie de la propriete intellectuelle, je discute des theories politiques concernant le lobbying et les groupes d’interet, principalement leurs effets sur la democratie contemporaine. La methodologie consiste en une etude de cas dans laquelle j’ai employe la recherche documentaire et l’analyse de discours. A partir d’une analyse de discours realises dans la Chambre des Deputes bresilienne, j’ai identifie les principaux groupes representes et les arguments qu’ils ont presentes. J’ai compare les positionnements defendus lors des audiences publiques et les resultats legislatifs. L’objectif etait donc d’analyser quelles visions ou perspectives ont ete convenues par les elus dans le debat sur la reforme de la loi. La realisation d’entretiens avec des participants de ce proces politique a complemente l’analyse. Je discute la relation entre les parties prenantes et l’Etat pour evaluer quels groupes ont reussi a influencer les decisions gouvernementales. Je souligne que les droits intellectuels font partie d’un domaine dans lequel on trouve plusieurs disputes politiques, quoique certains avocats declarent que la propriete intellectuelle est un « sujet technique ». Mots-cles : lobbying, droits d’auteur, inegalite, representation. Resumo: As politicas publicas de direitos autorais afetam diversos agentes, os quais apresentam visoes diferentes acerca da propriedade intelectual. A literatura especializada considera geralmente a existencia de duas grandes coalizoes: uma que defende a flexibilizacao do sistema e outra que defende um aumento do nivel de protecao. No entanto, a realidade e mais complexa, uma vez que ambas as coalizoes sao formadas por agentes com interesses diversos. Usuarios, autores, editoras e servicos digitais possuem frequentemente visoes de mundo dissonantes e diferentes niveis de recursos para influenciar as decisoes do governo. Este artigo visa expor reflexoes sobre a mobilizacao politica de membros das industrias criativas, assim como sua influencia na legislacao relativa aos direitos de autor e conexos no Brasil. O objetivo e identificar as coalizoes presentes nesse dominio, suas visoes e o acesso as decisoes publicas. Alem da filosofia da propriedade intelectual, discuto teorias politicas relativas ao lobby e aos grupos de interesse, principalmente no que tange aos impactos na democracia contemporânea. A metodologia consiste em um estudo de caso no qual empreguei a pesquisa documental e a analise de discurso. Por meio de uma analise de discursos realizados na Câmara dos Deputados, identifiquei os principais grupos representados e as posicoes que eles defendem. Comparei entao os argumentos defendidos nas audiencias publicas com os resultados legislativos. O objetivo e analisar quais foram as visoes ou perspectivas contempladas pelos parlamentares no debate sobre a reforma da lei. A realizacao de entrevistas com participantes do processo complementou a analise. Discuto a relacao entre as partes e o Estado para avaliar quais grupos tiveram mais sucesso em influenciar as decisoes governamentais. Argumento que os direitos autorais fazem parte de um dominio no qual ha muitas disputas politicas, ainda que certos advogados insistam em afirmar que a propriedade intelectual e um “assunto tecnico”. Palavras-chave: lobby, direitos autorais, desigualdade, representacao. Abstract: Public policies regarding copyright and related rights affect a varied range of stakeholders with different views about intellectual property. The research literature mentions frequently two coalitions: one defending broader access to works and another focusing on the enforcement of intellectual property. Nonetheless, the reality is more complex than this division as both coalitions are heterogeneous. Users, authors, record labels, and digital services have often dissonant views and different opportunities in influencing government decision-making. This paper aims at bringing reflections upon the political mobilization of members from creative industries, as well as the power they hold in the debates about copyright law in Brazil. The goal is to identify the coalitions in this field, their political stances, and their opportunities to influence public decisions. Besides discussing the philosophy of intellectual property, I approach political theories related to lobbying and interest groups, with a focus on its impacts on democracy. The methodology refers to a case study in which I employed research techniques such as document research and discourse analysis. Through an analysis of speeches at the chamber of deputies, I identified the main groups and coalitions and the stances they defended. Then, I compared the claims they presented during public hearings to political outcomes. The goal is to analyze the stances or perspectives adopted by the members of parliament. Interviews with key stakeholders complemented this analysis. I discuss the relations between these agents and the State to evaluate which groups had more success in persuading government decisions. I argue that copyright and related rights are part of a field in which there are several political disputes, although some lawyers may insist that intellectual property is a “technical subject”. Keywords : lobbying, copyright, inequality, representation.