Anemia y desnutrición infantil en zonas rurales: Impacto de una intervención integral a nivel comunitario.

Abstract

El objetivo de esta investigacion fue determinar el impacto de un programa de intervencion a nivel comunitario en la disminucion de la anemia y desnutricion infantil. Investigacion aplicada de diseno cuasi experimental con pretest y postest de un solo grupo. El tamano de muestra fue 300 ninos menores de 5 anos seleccionados a traves de un muestreo probabilistico en 4 centros poblados del distrito de Barranca: Santa. Elena, Pampa San Alejo, Vinto y Araya. Se obtuvieron los datos a traves de la valoracion antropometrica y examen de hemoglobina con el hemoglobinometro portatil, luego se aplico un programa de intervencion en el hogar dirigido a ninos y padres de familia e incluyo charlas educativas y sesiones demostrativas relacionados a la anemia y desnutricion. Asimismo, se desarrollaron programas educativos a la comunidad con campanas masivas que incluian juegos ludicos y talleres grupales para reforzar los conocimientos brindados en el domicilio.\xa0 Se observo que antes de la intervencion 145 ninos se encontraban con anemia y despues de la intervencion solo 46 ninos presentaron anemia, de igual modo 40 ninos se encontraban desnutridos y despues de la intervencion solo 31 ninos presentaron desnutricion. Se concluye que el programa de intervencion a nivel comunitario tiene impacto positivo en la reduccion de la anemia y desnutricion infantil, prueba de hipotesis con la Prueba Mc Nemar, (P = 0,000 < 0,05 para anemia) y (valor = 0,004 < 0.05 para desnutricion). ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to determine the impact of an intervention program at community level in the reduction of anemia and child malnutrition. Applied research of quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest of a single group. The sample size was 300 children under 5 years old selected through a probabilistic sampling in 4 population centers of the district of Barranca: Santa. Elena, Pampa San Alejo, Vinto and Araya. Data were obtained through the anthropometric assessment and hemoglobin examination with the portable hemoglobinometer, then a home intervention program was applied to children and parents and included educational talks and demonstration sessions related to anemia and malnutrition. Likewise, educational programs were developed to the community with massive campaigns that included playful games and group workshops to reinforce the knowledge provided at home. It was observed that before the intervention 145 children were anemic and after the intervention only 46 children had anemia, in the same way 40 children were malnourished and after the intervention only 31 children presented malnutrition. It is concluded that the program of intervention at the community level has a positive impact on the reduction of anemia and infant malnutrition, test of hypothesis with the Mc Nemar test, (P = 0.000 <0.05 for anemia) and (value = 0.004 <0.05 for malnutrition). Keywords: Anemia, disorders nutrition, malnutrition, educational program, public health.