Community Participation in Effort to Mitigate Caused by Mount Kelud Eruption in Ngancar District, Kediri Regency

Abstract

© 2019 (Sejati AE). All Right Reserved Introduction Natural incident occur in Indonesia. That incident, such as: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, and floods. Earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions are natural incident associated with tectonic activity. This is reasonable because Indonesia located between four tectonic plates, there are: Eurasian, Indo-Australian, Philippines, and Pacific. Plates push each other (converging) causes the tectonic and seismic activity. According to Kusumayudha (2013) active volcanoes in Indonesia formed by three main world’s plates, there are: Eurasia, India-Australia, and Pacific. Sejati AE, et al | Vol 19 No 2 Tahun 2019 SPATIAL Journal of Geographical Studies |21 Until now, humans have not been able to stop the emergence of hazards. Not only cause of its extraordinary strength, but also the time difficult to determine precisely. Natural incident is said to be a disaster when there are victim. Conditons in the human at Region can be predict the victim probability. According to (Awotona, 1997) natural disasters are the interaction between natural hazards and vulnerable condition. According to Marahatta (2012), can be predicted if an 5.7 Richter scale earthquake hits Kathmandu, approximately 40,000 people will die, 90,000 people will injuries, and 60% the existing buildings will collaps. Humans have the ability to recognize and understand natural incident. The action is one of effort to reduce the level of damages or victim caused by a natural disaster, or often referred as part of disaster management. According to (Coburn, Spence, & Pomonis, 1994) public awareness and the local government understanding level very important to reduce the impact of the disaster. According to (Kusumayudha, Lestari, & Paripurno, 2018) the use of SMS gateway is expected able to increase public and government awareness in order to reduce risk and disaster victims. A variety of natural disaster hazards that comes without planned, Indonesian people living in disaster disturbed areas should prepare for a natural disaster to minimize the victims. One form of preparation is mitigation. According to Indonesia Law No. 24 of 2007, mitigation is a series of efforts to reduce disaster risk through physical development and awareness or increase to face disaster ability. According to (Slameto, 1995) readiness is a prerequisite to learning the next human be able to interact with certain way. One of natural disasters always happened in Indonesia is volcanic eruption. Indonesia has 125 volcanoes and 83 are active until now. One of the active volcanoes in Indonesia is Mount Kelud. Kelud has the characteristics one eruption but strong. According to (Yulaelawati & Shihab, 2008) said the volcano if had volcanic activity as well as the special features such as hot springs, craters, cones, and smelled of sulfur vapor sources. According to (Sukadarrumidi, 2010) the type of eruption that occurs is influenced by many factors such as the viscosity of the magma, gas content in the magma, the influence of ground water, and the depth of the magma chamber. Since 1900 until now Kelud erupted seven times, at: 1901, 1919, 1951, 1966, 1990, 2007, and 2014. Kelud did not follow the character in 2007, because the eruption is effusive with lava dome mixed thick white smoke from the middle of the crater. According to (Noor, 2009) the peculiarities Kelud is the lake crater (until 2007) which makes eruptions highly liquid lava and endanger the surrounding population. Kelud caused more than 15 thousand inhabitants, since the 15th century. Human lives victims more than 10 thousand in 1586. Almost every eruption of Mount Kelud set Disaster Disturbed Areas in Kediri, spread over four districts, there are: Ngancar, Puncu, Kepung, and Plosoklaten. That because the location close to the crater and in the flow lava direction (west to south). According to the Center of Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation (PVMBG) Kelud in 1990, Ngancar District have total human victim 14 from 32 or 44%, in 1966 eruption, there were 107 people die or 51%. According to (Sukadarrumidi, 2010) the impact caused by the volcano eruption gave positive and negative impact, one of the negative impact is the loss of life. The most vulnerable risk population of Kelud eruption in Kediri is Ngancar District by 3,656 populations. Distance Sugihwaras village, Ngancar District also closest to mount Kelud peak of 4.9 kilometers. Villages in Ngancar district also the largest entry in disturbed area as many as 6 from 14 villages that spread over four districts. The level of largest risk eruption of Mount Kelud (Area 3) all located in the Ngancar district, there is Sugihwaras and Sempu Village. Ngancar district people in addition to getting the blessing of fertile land, also had to be prepared for the eruption of Mount Kelud in order to reduce or eliminate losses. Ngancar District people preparedness can be public participation in the efforts related eruption mitigation. According to (Sugandhy & Judge, 2007) people involvement in planning the utilization of natural resources and the environment, encouraging active participation. Participation in this paper is all action, participation of the public on disaster preparedness eruption of Mount Kelud. Preparedness is for himself or organizations that participated in the community. According to (Artiningasih, 2008) the participation purpose to increase public awareness of the role and shared responsibility in determining the safety of self and family. Method The method that was used is survey in Ngancar District. The research was conducted in November 2012 and updated in February 2017. The population is 5,340 families. The sample calculation results with Slovin formula in (Setiawan, 2007) is 100. Then samples were taken by proportional random sampling technique of disaster disturbed area (III, II and I) respectively by 31, 30, and 39. The primary data is people participation shape obtained by interviews with the questionnaire. Secondary data are common conditions such as: the number of population, area, map, victims of Mount Kelud eruption. Secondary data were obtained by documentation from institutions: the central statistics, the national disaster management agency (BNPB), district office, and photos. Data were analyzed by descriptive quantitative with scoring equipped percentage. Result and Discussion Result Participation is all forms of people action in disaster response preparedness activities to the threat of Mount Kelud eruption. Engagement can be a mental and emotional involvement and also physical in use all the capabilities it has in all the activities carried out and supports the achievement of goals and responsibilities for all involved. People participation in the threat of Mount Kelud eruption consists of five indicators. (1) Action in following outreach activities on disaster. (2) Action in organizing community disaster response. (3) Action in preparing for disaster response preparedness. (4) Action in an early warning system. (5) Action in an attempt to save possessions. Firstly, action or something that is done when there are extension activities or disaster simulations. Acts committed that can be active or passive. Action parameters are: participation, attitude when extension, and participation (to prepare equipment and supplies) in extension activities or simulations. People participation in Ngancar District in extension activities and the greatest disaster simulation in the area III is 74.2%, II 16.67%, and 33.33% I. Attitudes conducted during counseling activities in area III have been better than area II and I. This because people in Area III think that counseling is important to face the impending eruption, considering the region closest to Mount Kelud. People participation in providing the basic needs of both throughout area no people become remain donator for extension activities. Residents only contribute helped needs/equipment, Area III (51.62%), II (3.33%), and I (28.2%). Most of the population in area II never helped the extension activities because they think the region will not be affected by lava from Mount Kelud. Because of that, they feel no need to engage in providing extension activities equipment. The second, action or activity in organizing communities disaster response facing the threat of eruption of Mount Kelud. Organizing disaster response in area III (45.16%), II (26.67%) and I (64.1%) people follow the social organization. People in area are the most in the following community organizations because the more Sejati AE, et al | Vol 19 No 2 Tahun 2019 SPATIAL Journal of Geographical Studies |23 population and more accessible area of the vehicle. This causes the public easy to perform association or organization. The organization, there are: Youth, Women s, Community Leaders, Indigenous Organizations, Youth Masjid, Religious study groups, and also the Association of the elders. Elders some 30 people gathered once a year, when there will be Kelud larung sesaji event held once a year. Average routine follow associations or organizations in every area at monthly. Activities undertaken related to cope with disasters by creating a safe evacuation plan. Providing the necessary needs (food, clothing, medicines, and tents), for area II without medicine. Third, any measures undertaken preparedness before a disaster occurs. Measurement of action, including: participation in following the development of Mount Kelud activity; The main ingredient earthquake-resistant houses volcanic and lava flows; action as it happens signs Kelud will erupt (such as volcanic earthquakes); and action taken if Mount Kelud erupted suddenly. Population in area III and I respectively of 56.61% and 53.85% always follow the development of Kelud and follow the instructions of the government, while in area II is 23.33%. The all house in all area are made from wall with a foundation of stone