Fork Slowing and Reversal as an Adaptive Response to Chronic ATR Inhibition

Abstract

Inhibitors of the replication stress response kinase ATR are currently being explored in anti-cancer therapy. Acute ATR inhibition is known to impair the proper control of origin firing, DNA repair, and cell cycle, resulting in DNA breaks and mitotic catastrophe. Less is understood about the effects of clinically relevant regimes of ATR inhibition, which involve chronic and low doses of ATR inhibitors (cATRi) to cells. Here we report unexpected molecular effects of\xa0cATRi on replication dynamics.\xa0cATRi strongly reduces fork speed but has minimal effects on the accumulation of DNA breaks or cell survival.\xa0cATRi promotes extensive fork reversal and RAD51- and PARP-mediated fork slowing that correlate with the accumulation of DNA-RNA hybrids. Our work shows that fork reversal is a critical adaptive response ensuring cell survival during\xa0cATRi and that the manipulation of fork reversal causes hypersensitivity to\xa0cATRi, increasing the effectiveness of ATR inhibitors in anti-cancer therapies. \n \nFunding Information: This work was supported by a NIH grants RO1-GM097272 and R35-GM141159 to M.B.S. \n \nDeclaration of Interests: None.