A New Anatomical Pathway of Spread of Pus/Sepsis in Anal Fistulas Discovered on MRI and Its Clinical Implications

Abstract

Background In the anal sphincter complex, the intersphincteric space between the internal and external sphincters is the only conventionally recognized pathway for the spread of sepsis. However, there is another unrecognized space discovered on MRI, the “outer-sphincteric space”, between the external anal sphincter and its lateral fascia along which pus can spread. An abscess in the intersphincteric space is easily drained into the rectum via the transanal route and is more likely to spread into the supralevator space. Conversely, an abscess in the outer-sphincteric space is difficult to drain transanally into the rectum and is more likely to become a transsphincteric abscess/fistula. Methods The MRIs of anal fistula patients operated over four years on intersphincteric abscesses were analyzed. The pattern of spread into the ischiorectal fossa and/or supralevator space and ease of drainage into the rectum through the transanal route were studied. Results Thirty-six patients were operated on to drain their intersphincteric abscesses through the anal canal. Two distinct patterns were noted. Twenty patients had abscesses in the intersphincteric space, which were easily drained into the rectum. Of them, 6/20 had supralevator extension, while only 1/20 had spread to the ischiorectal fossa. In 16/36 patients, the abscess was in the outer-sphincteric space and could not be drained into the rectum. In 9/16 of these patients, pus spread into the ischiorectal fossa but supralevator spread did not happen in any patient. Conclusion Apart from the intersphincteric space, there is perhaps another unrecognized anatomical space – the outer-sphincteric space – discovered on MRI, through which pus can spread in anal fistulas or abscesses.