Soft, Disruptive, and Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors

Abstract

\n\nSoft wearable electrochemical biosensors are increasing attention over the past several years due to their potential for non-invasive personalized health monitoring in real-time and in-situ.\n\n\n\nHerein, we cover the design, fabrication, and applications of soft electrochemical sensing systems. Firstly, we describe key design requirements for fabricating the mechanically compliant electrochemical biosensors. This is followed by a description of typical sensor configurations and the detecting methodologies. Next, on-body soft electrochemical biosensing and cell/tissue-based “wearable” sensing applications are summarized. Detection of key biochemical markers, including metabolites (glucose, lactate, uric acid, and ethanol), electrolytes (Na+ and K+), nutrients (vitamin C), hormones (cortisol), and proteins (TNF-α), as well as cellular signalling molecules (nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and serotonin), are the focus of the discussion in this review.\n\n\n\nWe conclude the review with discussions on future opportunities and challenges of the soft and wearable electrochemical biosensors.\n