Computer-Assisted Instrument Navigation Versus Conventional C-Arm Fluoroscopy for Surgical Instrumentation: Accuracy, Radiation Time, and Radiation Exposure.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE. Compared with open procedures, minimally invasive surgical procedures are associated with increased radiation exposure and long-term health risks. Ultralow radiation imaging coupled with image enhancement and instrument tracking (ULRI-IE/IT) is a new image modifier that allows a computer to show real-time movement of an instrument as it is adjusted, mimicking live fluoroscopy but without continuous radiation production. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and radiation output of ULRI-IE/IT compared with unassisted conventional fluoroscopy in a variety of surgical procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Physicians of various specialties were asked to identify the ideal location for instrumentation in various spinal, orthopedic, pain, and physiatric procedures and then place an instrument in this location in a cadaver both with and without ULRI-IE/IT assistance. Whether ULRI-IE/IT was used was randomly assigned to reduce the impact of learning. Radiation exposure, time to place the instrument, and the number of images required to achieve accurate positioning were recorded for each procedure. These were compared for unassisted and ULRI-IE/IT-assisted fluoroscopy to determine the utility of ULRI-IE/IT in minimally invasive instrumentation. RESULTS. Twenty-three trials of nine procedures by five physicians were completed both with and without assistance of ULRI-IE/IT. The procedures ranged from percutaneous pedicle screw insertion to foramen ovale ablation. Total time to localize the instrument for all 23 cases was 31.2% longer without assistance. Use of ULRI-IE/IT reduced the total number of images per case by 74.8% and radiation exposure by 91.8%. With ULRI-IE/IT, physicians were able to successfully place the instrument in the correct location on the first attempt in 82.6% of trials and in the second attempt in all trials versus a mean of 4.65 images needed for unassisted fluoroscopy. CONCLUSION. Use of ULRI-IE/IT can dramatically reduce radiation output and the number of images acquired and time required to perform fluoroscopic procedures.