Software Engineering Meets Systems Engineering: Conceptual Modeling Applied to Engineering Operations

Abstract

ion is an important tool in the design and implementation of complex systems, but the process of abstracting excludes certain details to concentrate more on important aspects in the domain. One of the most essential techniques of computing is abstraction [21], which is required for the design and implementation of complex systems [22].ing excludes certain details to concentrate more on important aspects in the domain. One of the most essential techniques of computing is abstraction [21], which is required for the design and implementation of complex systems [22]. In the fields of systems and software engineering, the current trend is to create models with higher levels of abstraction. This involves developing a framework that represents a real organization‘s structure and operations. Such a conceptual model excludes technological aspects such as hardware and software. It acts as a blueprint for software/systems engineering that serves \uf0b7 The requirements analysis processes of the software system in progress. In requirements engineering, building such a model is considered a bridge to the design and construction phases. \uf0b7 A basic frame for identifying business processes and the way these processes are interconnected to achieve the organization‘s final objectives. The scheme is created alongside the daily operations of the business process. It provides process visualization and documentation to assist in defining work patterns, avoiding redundancy, or even designing new processes. 1.3 Generalizing the Perspective of Research: Organization as a Machine This research broadened software/systems modeling to include all types of organizations. ―Organization is everything, and everything is organization,‖ some claim in various contexts [23]. The term organization comes from the word organism, which refers to a body structure divided into pieces that are kept together as one organic whole by a web of relationships [24]. To function, an organization communicates with and adapts to its environment in the same way a biological organism does. According to Herbert Simon, an organization‘s primary tasks are making decisions and ―making things happen‖ [25]. ―Consider an organization to be a collection of restrictions on the activities undertaken by a group of coordinating agents,‖ as Fox et al. put it [26]. From the ontological perspective, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.21 No.10, October 2021 331 organizations are differentiated into basic configurations and they involve many structures such as aims, job processes, authority, roles, and communication [27]. An organization is made up of subsystems that communicate with one another to operate appropriately. To ensure sustainability, an enterprise strives to consider and influence the external world while aligning its internal subsystems to meet the demands of the environment. The division of labor, according to Luther [28], is the cornerstone of any company. A shoe factory, for instance, might have workers employed in divisions such as leather cutting, eyelet stamping, tops stitching, soles sewing, feet nailing, lace adding, and shoe packing; the factory‘s role as an organization is to connecting the various work divisions together. Organization as a means of coordination necessitates the establishment of authority with a goal of enterprise that is realized by the collective efforts of many people in a specific time and place. The latest contributions to the organization theory, according to Starbuck [29], have depicted organizations as machine-like structures. An organization, like a computer, coordinates its parts to translate inputs from an outside world into outputs for that outside world. Such adoption of the computer metaphor paradigm is a recent conceptual advance. Vuorinen et al. [30] coined the ―as-a-machine‖ principle to create an information security theory that provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the way an object can be protected: ―The machine metaphor offers a broad perspective on information security in which no one has absolute power; it is always somewhere in the middle.‖ The use of a computer as a symbol is a well-known phenomenon. Additionally, living objects are also compared to complex machines. In other words, they have properties that are not found in inanimate matter. In demonstration, according to Dalio [31], the economy is a computer. In this context, enterprise engineering has arisen as a new discipline of engineering that looks at businesses from an engineering point of view. Specifically, enterprise architecture has its roots in both organizational and information technology sciences [32]. Vries et al. [33] describe the field of engineering as a discipline that addresses enterprise design holistically. The term enterprise refers to a type of business organization [6]. According to Aveiro [32], ―The operating theory of companies is that participants enter into and comply with agreements, and in doing so bring about the business services of the enterprise.‖ Enterprise engineering, therefore, is becoming a discipline that addresses enterprise architecture holistically [33]. 1.4 Contribution: New Conceptual Modeling Approach for