COVID-19: Impacto Psicológico, Factores de Riesgo e Intervenciones Psicológicas en el Personal Sanitario. Una Revisión Sistemática

Abstract

espanolEn relacion a la mala salud mental del personal sanitario debido a la pandemia por COVID-19, la presente revision sistematica tiene como objetivo sintetizar el conocimiento generado entre noviembre-2019 y septiembre-2020 sobre impacto psicologico, factores de riesgo e intervenciones psicologicas llevadas a cabo en esta poblacion. Siguiendo metodologia PRISMA se recuperaron 49 articulos que cumplieron con todos los criterios de inclusion y calidad exigidos, y que revelaron prevalencias del 5,2% al 79% para estres, del 6,78% al 71% para los trastornos del sueno, del 4,98% al 50% para ansiedad, del 8,9% al 50,70% para depresion y del 4,4% al 19,10% para estres postraumatico. Las mayores prevalencias dependen de factores relacionados con situaciones de mayor riesgo (primeras fases de la pandemia, primera linea, escasez de recursos de proteccion personal y falta de apoyo social) y con la pertenencia a grupos poblacionales mas susceptibles (mujeres, personal sanitario de apoyo, con poca formacion sobre la COVID-19, de nivel socioeconomico bajo y/o vida sedentaria, entre otros). Prevalecen las intervenciones basadas en estrategias de intervencion temprana, de resolucion de problemas inmediatos y terapias cognitivo-conductual para incrementar las conductas adaptativas, mejorar las habilidades de afrontamiento al estres y establecer sistemas de apoyo social. EnglishRelating to poor mental health of healthcare workers due to COVID-19 pandemic, the present systematic review aims to synthesize the knowledge generated between November-2019 and September-2020 about psychological impact, risk factors and psychological interventions carried out on this population. Following PRISMA methodology, we retrieved 49 titles, which fulfilled all inclusion and quality criteria; and that revealed prevalences ranging from 5.2% to 79% for stress, from 6.78% to 71% for sleep disturbances, from 4.98% to 50% for anxiety, from 8.9% to 50.70% for depression and from 4.4% to 19.10% for post-traumatic stress disorder. Higher prevalences were dependent on experiencing situations of increased risk (early stages of the pandemic, working on the front line, the scarcity of personal protection resources or the lack of social support) and the membership to susceptible population groups (being a woman, working as a health support staff, have little training on COVID-19, being of low socioeconomic status and/or have a sedentary lifestyle among others). Prevail the interventions based on early intervention strategies, for solving immediate problems, and cognitivebehavioral therapy in order to increase adaptive behaviors, greater coping skills to stress, and establish social support systems.