Imaging Calreticulin for Early Detection of Immunogenic Cell Death During Anticancer Treatment

Abstract

Visual Abstract Surface-exposed calreticulin (ecto-CRT) is a well-known “eat-me” signal exhibited by dying cells that contributes to their recognition and destruction by the immune system. We assessed the use of a CRT-specific binding peptide for imaging ecto-CRT during immunogenic cell death and its utility for early prediction of treatment response. Methods: A synthetic CRT-specific peptide, KLGFFKR (CRTpep), was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate or 18F, and the characteristics of ecto-CRT were evaluated in a colon cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Results: In vitro flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and in vivo small-animal PET imaging results showed that CRTpep detected preapoptotic cells treated with immunogenic drugs or radiation but not those treated with the nonimmunogenic drug or a nontherapeutic dose of immunogenic drug. Conclusion: The present results indicate that the CRT-specific peptide would enable the prediction of therapeutic response, thereby facilitating early decisions on continuation or discontinuation of immunogenic treatment.