Effects of Dietary Forage Proportion on Feed Intake, Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Enteric Methane Emissions of Holstein Heifers at Various Growth Stages

Abstract

Simple Summary Enteric methane (CH4) emission from ruminants is a large source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas production, which is an inevitable by-product when feedstuff is digested and fermented in the rumen, representing approximately 7% of dietary energy loss. Although the Chinese government has committed to reduce CH4 emissions under the requirement of the Copenhagen Accord (2009), there is lack of accurate CH4 emission data from young cows as the guideline of IPCC gives little consideration to the variations of geographic conditions, animal physiology stages, and dietary components of dairy production system. Our study investigated the effects of different dietary forage-to-concentrate on feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and enteric CH4 emissions of Holstein heifers under various growth stage, and developed the prediction equations using production and emission data. Our results demonstrated that enteric CH4 emission was significantly affected by dietary composition and physiological condition; results obtained from the current study will be of great importance for development of regional or national emission inventories and mitigation approaches for heifers at specific growth stage. Abstract Enteric methane (CH4) emissions from young ruminants contribute to a substantial proportion of atmospheric CH4 accumulation. Development of emission inventory and mitigation approaches needs accurate estimation of individual emission from animals under various physiological conditions and production systems. This research investigated the effect of different dietary concentrate contents on feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility and CH4 emissions of heifers at various stages, and also developed linear or non-linear prediction equations using data measured by sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique. Increasing dietary concentrate contents increased feed intake and growth rate, enhanced nutrient digestibility, and reduced enteric CH4 emissions. Heifers at the age of 9, 12, and 15 months with an average weight of 267.7, 342.1, and 418.6 kg produced 105.2, 137.4, and 209.4 g/day of CH4, and have an average value of CH4 energy per gross energy intake (Ym) 0.054, 0.064, 0.0667, respectively. Equations relating CH4 emission values with animal and feed characteristics were developed with high determination coefficients for heifers at different growth stages. Dietary concentrate contents had significant influence on overall performance of heifers. These data can be used to develop regional or national emission inventories and mitigation approaches for heifers under various production regimes in China.