TERT Promoter Mutations and the 8th Edition TNM Classification in Predicting the Survival of Thyroid Cancer Patients

Abstract

Simple Summary In a cohort study involving 393 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, TERT promoter mutations were found to act as an independent poor prognostic factor based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis 8th edition (TNM-8) in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients, regardless of the histological types or stage at diagnosis. Since the current AJCC TNM-8 is insufficient to distinguish the risk of mortality in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, a proposal for a new survival prediction model that includes the TERT promoter mutational state is required. Abstract Our research group has previously shown that the presence of TERT promoter mutations is an independent prognostic factor, by applying the TERT mutation status to the variables of the AJCC 7th edition. This study aimed to determine if TERT mutations could be independent predictors of thyroid cancer-specific mortality based on the AJCC TNM 8th edition, with long-term follow-up. This was a retrospective study of 393 patients with pathologically confirmed differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) after thyroidectomy at a tertiary Korean hospital from 1994 to 2004. The thyroid cancer-specific mortality rate was 6.9% (5.2% for papillary and 15.2% for follicular cancers). TERT promoter mutations were identified in 10.9% (43/393) of DTC cases (9.8% of papillary and 16.7% of follicular cancer) and were associated with older age (p < 0.001), the presence of extrathyroidal invasion (p < 0.001), distant metastasis (p = 0.001), and advanced stage at diagnosis (p < 0.001). The 10-year survival rate in mutant TERT was 67.4% for DTC patients (vs. 98% for wild-type; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 9.93, (95% CI: 3.67–26.90)) and 75% for patients with papillary cancer (vs. 99%; 18.55 (4.83–71.18)). In addition, TERT promoter mutations were related to poor prognosis regardless of histologic type (p < 0.001 for both papillary and follicular cancer) or initial stage (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, and p = 0.086 for stages I, II, and III and IV, respectively). TERT promoter mutations comprise an independent poor prognostic factor after adjusting for the clinicopathological risk factors of the AJCC TNM 8th edition, histologic type, and each stage at diagnosis, which could increase prognostic predictability for patients with DTC.