A Systematic Review of the Use of Circulating Cell-Free DNA Dynamics to Monitor Response to Treatment in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients

Abstract

Simple Summary Currently, the most commonly used method to monitor response to treatment in metastatic breast cancer patients is by radiological imaging. However, these imaging techniques are relatively insensitive and give little to no insight into biological tumor characteristics that might be relevant for the choice of treatment. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), released by tumor cells into the blood of cancer patients, can be used to overcome these shortcomings. Besides the fact that specific alterations are known to predict response to treatment and development of resistance, the total amount of ctDNA is believed to reflect the proliferation rate of the tumor, suggesting ctDNA levels can be used as a general tool to evaluate treatment response. Different methods are available to measure ctDNA primarily based on detection of cancer-specific somatic mutations, DNA methylation, and copy number variations. In this review we have critically analyzed recently published studies using blood-derived ctDNA of metastatic breast cancer patients on multiple time points to monitor disease response in respect to analytical validity and clinical utility. Abstract Monitoring treatment response in metastatic breast cancer currently consists mainly of radiological and clinical assessments. These methods have high inter-observer variation, suboptimal sensitivity to determine response to treatment and give little insight into the biological characteristics of the tumor. Assessing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) over time could be employed to address these limitations. Several ways to quantify and characterize ctDNA exist, based on somatic mutations, copy number variations, methylation, and global circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragment sizes and concentrations. These methods are being explored and technically validated, but to date none of these methods are applied clinically. We systematically reviewed the literature on the use of quantitative ctDNA measurements over time to monitor response to systemic therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane, Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to find studies focusing on the use of cfDNA to longitudinally monitor treatment response in advanced breast cancer patients until October 2020. This resulted in a total of 33 studies which met the inclusion criteria. These studies were heterogeneous in (pre-)processing procedures, applied techniques and design. An association between ctDNA and treatment response was found in most of the included studies, independent of the applied assay. To implement ctDNA-based response monitoring into daily clinical practice for metastatic breast cancer patients, sample (pre-) processing procedures need to be standardized and large prospectively collected sample cohorts with well annotated clinical follow-up are required to establish its clinical validity.