The Role of Exosomes in Bronchoalveloar Lavage from Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Abstract

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary insults. Exosomes are considered a major cell-to-cell communicator and immune modulator. However, their role in ARDS remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether exosomes could be a potential biomarker of ARDS. Methods: We isolated exosomes from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with ARDS. The correlation between the level of exosomes with clinical data, including etiology, oxygenation, and 28-day mortality was analyzed. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays and western blotting were carried out to characterize BAL exosomes. Immune modulating response of exosomes was investigated by in vitro examination. Results: From 158 patients, we isolated mean 1568.9 µg/mL BAL exosomes, which presented a negative correlation with the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. The level of exosomes did not correlate with 28-day mortality but was elevated in the infectious etiology of ARDS. The exosomes have cargo proteins associated with apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. An in vitro stimulation study revealed that BAL exosomes could induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, but those from patients with ARDS suppressed the production of vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusions: In ARDS, exosomes are released in alveolar space, and the level is correlated with the etiology of ARDS. BAL exosomes could play an immune-modulating role by controlling the production of cytokines.