Oral insulin delivery: utopia, currently possible or a near reality?

Abstract

Diabetes is still one of the main diseases worldwide due to its high incidence, prevalence and, unfortunately, very high mortality. Type 1 diabetes (and in some other types) is generally controlled by exogenous insulin. Several attempts of\xa0oral insulin administration to humans have been done so far. Some of them achieved interesting results, but it seems to exist\xa0a barrier to transpose\xa0these studies into clinical trials. A broad perspective about the oral insulin and approaches will be addressed. Representative (not all) examples of innovation are herein described, and they should represent a step forward to achieve the main goal: to orally deliver insulin and improve the life quality of millions of patients.