Radiative Forcing by Light-Absorbing Particles in Snow in Northeastern China Retrieved from Satellite Observations

Abstract

Abstract. Light-absorbing particles (LAPs) deposited on snow can decrease snow albedo and affect climate through the snow-albedo radiative forcing. In this study, we use MODIS observations combined with a snow albedo model (SNICAR) and a radiative transfer model (SBDART) to retrieve the radiative forcing by LAPs in snow (RFLapsMODIS) across Northeastern China (NEC) in January–February from 2003 to 2017. RFLapsMODIS presents distinct spatial variability, with the minimum (22.3\u2009W\u2009m−2) in western NEC and the maximum (64.6\u2009W\u2009m−2) near industrial areas in central NEC. The regional mean RFLapsMODIS is ~\u200945.1\u2009±\u20096.8\u2009W\u2009m−2 in NEC. The positive (negative) uncertainties of retrieved RFLapsMODIS due to atmospheric correction range from 14\u2009% to 57\u2009% (−14\u2009% to −47\u2009%) and the uncertainty value basically decreased with the increased RFLapsMODIS. We attribute the variations of radiative forcing based on remote sensing and find that the spatial variance of RFLapsMODIS in NEC is 74.6\u2009% due to LAPs, while 21.2\u2009% and 4.2\u2009% due to snow grain size, and solar zenith angle. Furthermore, based on multiple linear regression, the BC dry and wet deposition and snowfall could totally explain 81\u2009% of the spatial variance of LAP contents, which confirms the reasonability of the spatial patterns of retrieved RFLapsMODIS in NEC. We validate RFLapsMODIS using in situ radiative forcing estimates. We find that the biases in RFLapsMODIS are negatively correlated with LAP concentrations and range from ~\u20095\u2009% to ~\u2009350\u2009% in NEC.