Long-term fluxes of carbonyl sulfide and their seasonality and interannual variability in a boreal forest

Abstract

Abstract. The seasonality and interannual variability of terrestrial carbonyl sulfide (COS) fluxes are poorly constrained. We present the first easy-to-use parameterization for net COS forest sink based on the longest eddy covariance record from a boreal pine forest, covering 32 months over 5 years. Fluxes from hourly to yearly scales are reported, with the aim of revealing controlling factors and the level of interannual variability. The parameterization is based on the photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, and leaf area index. The spring recovery of the flux after the winter dormancy period was mostly governed by air temperature, and the onset of the uptake varied by 2 weeks. For the first time, we report a significant reduction of ecosystem-scale COS flux under large water vapor pressure deficit in summer. The maximum monthly and weekly median COS uptake varied 26 and 20\u2009% between years, respectively. The timing of the latter varied by 6 weeks. The fraction of the nocturnal uptake remained below 21\u2009% of the total COS uptake. We observed the growing season (April–August) average net flux of COS totaling −58.0\u2009gS\u2009ha−1 with 37\u2009% interannual variability. The long-term flux observations were scaled up to evergreen needleleaf forests (ENFs) in the whole boreal region by the Simple Biosphere Model Version 4 (SiB4). The observations were closely simulated by using SiB4 meteorological drivers and phenology. The total COS uptake by boreal ENF was in line with a missing COS sink at high latitudes pointed out in earlier studies.\n