Decline in the mental health of nurses across the globe during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Nurses represent the major proportion of frontline health care professionals delivering 24/7 services to patients with an increased vulnerability towards COVID-19 infection. Mental health issues among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic are poorly reported across the globe. Henceforth, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to explore the prevalence and determinants of mental health outcomes (anxiety, stress, depression, PTSD, insomnia) among nurses across the globe due to the COVID-19. Methods A PRISMA compliant systematic review (PROSPERO-CRD 42020204120) was carried out to identify articles from multiple databases reporting the prevalence of mental health outcomes among nurses. Proportion random effect analysis, I2 statistic, quality assessment, and sensitivity analysis were carried out. Results Pooled data on mental health outcomes were generated from 25 cross-sectional studies: 32% anxiety (95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u200921%-44%, n (number of studies)\u2009=\u200921, N (sample size)\u2009=\u200913\u2009641), 40.6% stress (95% CI\u2009=\u200925.4%-56.8%, n\u2009=\u200910, N\u2009=\u20094204), 32% depression (95% CI\u2009=\u200921%-44%, n\u2009=\u200917, N\u2009=\u200912\u2009294), 18.6% PTSD (95% CI\u2009=\u20094.8%-38%, n\u2009=\u20093, N\u2009=\u2009638), 38.3% insomnia (95% CI\u2009=\u20095.8%-78.6%, n\u2009=\u20092, N\u2009=\u2009261) and significant risk factors for mental ailments includes; caring for COVID-19 patients, being a female, low self-efficacy, resilience, social support and having physical symptoms (sore-throat, breathlessness, cough, lethargy, myalgia, fever). Conclusion The study results highlighted a higher proportion of poor mental health outcomes namely, anxiety, stress, depression, PTSD and insomnia among nurses from different parts of the world. Poor mental health outcomes among nurses warrants the need to implement proactive psychological interventions to deter the collapse of health care systems in responding to the pandemic and in particular all possible efforts should be undertaken to mitigate the risk factors. Health care organizations should provide support to nurses with sufficient flexibility. The disaster preparedness plan envisaged by nations should have provisions to address the mental health of nurses. Greater investment in addressing the global shortage of nurses should be given priority in national health policies. Attractive salary packages should be offered to nurses to prevent their emigration from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Registration PROSPERO (CRD42020204120)