Blockchain Applications in Power Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis
Hossein Mohammadi Rouzbahani, Hadis Karimipour, Ali Dehghantanha, Reza M. Parizi
BBlockchain Applications in Power Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis
Hossein Mohammadi Rouzbahani, Hadis Karimipour , Ali Dehghantanha, Reza M. Parizi
University of Guelph, [email protected] University of Guelph, [email protected] University of Guelph, [email protected] Kennesaw State University, [email protected]
Abstract.
Power systems are growing rapidly, due to ever-increasing demand for electrical power. These systems require novel methodologies and modern tools and technologies, to better perform, particularly for communication among differ-ent parts. Therefore, power systems are facing new challenges such as energy trad-ing and marketing and cyber threats. Using blockchain in power systems, as a so-lution, is one of the newest methods. Most studies aim to investigate innovative approaches of blockchain application in power systems. Even though, many arti-cles published to support the research activities, there has not been any biblio-metric analysis which specifies the research trends. This paper aims to present a bibliographic analysis of the blockchain application in power systems related liter-ature, in the Web of Science (WoS) database between January 2009 and July 2019 . This paper discusses the research activities and performed a detailed analy-sis by looking at the number of articles published, citations, institutions, research area, and authors. From the analysis, it was concluded that there are several signif-icant impacts of research activities in China and USA, in comparison to other countries.
Keywords:
Blockchain, Bibliometric analysis, Distributed ledger, Power system, Electrical energy trading, Security challenges Introduction
Power systems are experiencing swift changes due to the rapid growth of elec-tricity demand, which is expected to grow further by around 30% in 2035 [1], [2]. While, power systems are facing challenges because of new technology devel-opments, security concerns, new market patterns, consumer demand changes, etc. [3], [4]. There are some permanent challenges such as stability, reliability, envi-ronmental concerns, and costs [5]. Various type of methods have been employed over the years for solving prob-lems in different sections and improving the performance of the power systems [3], [6], [7] – [15], but some of these problems are related to the growing network and its integration. Due to using distributed generation in power systems (which is one of the main reasons for network growth) and using communication tools and smart meters, marketing and communication in power networks require new and up-to-date methods. It should be noted power systems are on the edge of entering the digital era by a massive deployment of in most countries in the world [3], [16]. Figure.1 shows the summary of the content discussed. Fig. 1 Power system changes and challenges
Central management and operation are becoming ever more challenging be-cause of the need for an advanced communication and data exchanges among dif-ferent parts of the power network [17]. On the other hand, the decentralization of the property, and the decision-making process are complex which are evolving the Information Technologies [18], [19]. Thus, to accommodate these decentralization and digitalization trends, local distributed control and management techniques are in need [20]. The importance of this issue has led many researchers to seek new methodologies and concepts to improve the performance and security of the power systems [8], [13], [21], [22]. Application of blockchain is one of the newest ones. Blockchain, also called distributed ledger, is a technology, by a set of nodes that do not fully trust each other, which first was proposed in 2008 [23], [24] . This technology is designed to secure data storage and transfer through decentral-ized, trustless, peer-to-peer systems with no participation of a third party which records transactions of value using a cryptographic signature [23], [25], [26]. Blockchain started from cryptocurrency, grew in assets and credit field, and in-creasingly found its place in information and communication field. Various indus-tries have realized the value of the blockchain and how this technology is secure and reliable as a technical solution. This technical solution allows users to con-tribute jointly in data computing, storage, authenticity verification and the preserv-ing the reliable database [27], [28]. Early research shows that blockchain technology could potentially provide so-lutions to some of the challenges faced by power systems and it can be used for different concepts of the power system due to the decentralized structure (e.g. pri-vacy and security, energy trading and marketing, using new communication and smart tools). Regarding privacy and security in power systems, Kanhere et al. [29] applied blockchain to Direct Load Control to protect user privacy and security of communications. Yang et al. [30] proposed an algorithm, applied to a self-organized cyber-physical power system, which has short blockchain construction time and achieves better data block exchange performance. G. Liang [31] showed how blockchain technology can be used to enhance the robustness and security of the power grid. In terms of energy trading and marketing, recently, blockchain has been an in-teresting topic for many researchers and companies. Aitzhan and Svetinovic [32] proposed using blockchain to build a decentralized energy trading system. To se-cure the energy trading transactions in their token-based system, multi-signatures and anonymous encrypted message propagation streams were used. K. Mannaro et al. [33] developed a blockchain-based platform to recommend the best trading strategy for prosumers in the renewable energy market. In addition, some blockchain projects have focused on energy trading ,especially renewable energy, and smart tools. It should be noted, most of these projects are still in the testing phase or under development. The PWR.Company developed Ethereum-based solutions for trading renewable energy and installed deep cycle batteries for consumers for power storage to stabilize the grid, instead of selling the energy immediately. SolarCoin, PowerLedger, Key2Energy and TheSunExchange aim is to increase solar energy production and facilitate the trade of this type of energy [34]. NRGcoin [35] is currently at the conceptual stage, uses smart contracts framework which is based on Ethereum for trading an energy-based cryptocurrency. Regardless of the retail value of electricity, one NRGcoin is equivalent to one kWh. Share&Charge [36] developed a network of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and owners of charging stations can regis-ter their station and set tariffs for charging. Finally, some projects are focused on smart metering tools for increasing the performance of power systems in fields of energy trading and privacy and security such as Bankymoon [37] and the Electron company [38]. these examples demonstrate that the research activities conducted in this field are significant. However, no bibliometric analysis has been done to report the impacts and trends of such researches. Bibliometric allows researchers to understand the characteristics, structure, and patterns of research activities. Also, the research activities are combined into a re-alistic trend of a research domain by this statistical analysis. This involves litera-ture studies of scientific activities in different contexts such as publications, au-thors, institutions, citations, and countries. Moreover, this method reports on the comprehensive evaluation of the expansion of research fields [39]. The purpose of this study is to well understand the state-of-the-art application of blockchain in power systems. It is vital to identify top-tier researchers, organi- zation and institutes, and collaboration amongst them as well as hot topics. To ad-dress these questions, we aim to make a bibliometric analysis on relevant papers published in the Web of Science from 2009 to 2019. The outline of this paper is as follows. We present the research method in Sec-tion 2. Thereafter in Section 3 findings and information about using blockchain in power systems are presented. Section 4 is the conclusion to the study. Methodology
The citation analysis in academic papers was initiated by Garfield [40]. Bibli-ometrics was defined by Pritchard as the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication and is the oldest research methods in library and information science [41]. Bibliometric contains various ap-plications from information science, sociology and history of science to research evaluation [42]. This method is used to evaluate, monitor and visualize the struc-ture of scientific fields [43]. Bibliometric methods can be divided in two parts: general instructions and publication analysis. For general instructions, researchers show how to avoid possible sources of error in the search process by showing how to search article using a search engine. However, the evaluation of publication such as impact factor, citations, publisher, and country described in publication analysis [39]. In general, citation analysis and content analysis are two widely used bibliometric methods. Citation analysis helps to identify core literatures, journals, countries, etc., and shows a relationship between citing and cited works in a research area [44]. For examples M. Dabbagh [45] studied the Evolution of Blockchain, and analyzed scientific production of Geographical Information Sys-tem (GIS) in Web of Science, and WL.Woon et al. [46] presented a bibliometric based study on distributed generation. Three main bibliometrics data sources for searching the literature are Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar. These sources are generally used to rank journals in terms of their productivity and the total citation received to indicate the journal impact, prestige or influence. In this paper, the WoS data is selected to complete the bibliometric analysis based on the following reasons. Web of science is the most famous tool for bibliometrics analysis and until the creation of Scopus and Google Scholar in 2004 [47], and it used to be the only tool and contains great features. This bibliometrics tool has over 12,000 titles of journals since 1900 to present, covers 45 Languages, and provides citation analy-sis by author, country, document type, institution, language, publication year, source title, subject area and funding information. Web of Science contains cita-tion maps which helps to visualize the result of the citing references. The cited reference search in WOS is a unique feature that cannot be found in any other da-tabases [48]. In addition, 94% of Scopus highest impact factor journals were in-dexed in WoS [49]. After using Web of Science as the search engine of this study, we identified some related keywords to start the process of extracting papers. There are some equivalent for Blockchain such as distributed ledger and cryptocurrency [50]. Al-so, the power network sometimes named by power network or electrical power system [51]. So, the inquiry to collect the data for bibliometric analysis was as fol-lows: (TS = ((Blockchain OR Distributed ledger OR Cryptocurrency) AND (Pow-er System OR Power Network OR Electrical Power Network))). The time period for this study, was limited to the past decade (between 2009 and 2019). As a re-sult, we detected a total of 291 publications from various journals, books, confer-ences, and patterns. For this analysis, two following databases were selected: “Web of Science Core Collection” and “Current Contents Connect” . To remove unrelated publications such as patterns and non-English publications, we excluded other databases.
As a result, 271 articles were secured for this analysis’ purposes . This process is shown in Figure 2 . The criteria of this bibliometric analysis are: (a) productivity, (b) research areas, (c) institutions, (d) authors, (e) Impact Pub-lishers,(f) highly cited articles and (g) keyword frequency. Figure 2 is provided for illustration. It should be noted, there is no result before 2014. So, in the rest of this research, presented results will be limited to 2014-2019.
Fig. 2 The schematic of data collection process Findings
In this section, we discuss the finding of the bibliometric analysis for block-chain application in power systems. The results detect high-quality research to support researchers enhancing research in this field. Finding section is divided into 7 sub-topics: productivity, research areas, institutions, impact journals, authors, highly cited articles and keyword frequency. Fig. 3 shows the number of publica-tions between 2014 – Fig. 3 The Number of publications
Figure 3 shows three categories of publications including journals, conferences, and other types (reviews, editorials and abstracts) which are extracted from vari-ous studies related to blockchain application in power systems. The conference category has the highest proportion of the total publications by 56.16% in this time period. However, in 2019, as of 21st-Jun-2019, the share of articles has been about 79.5% (30 of 39) which shows a significant increase in this type of documents. This value for 2018 was 43.2%. It is more likely that the journal publications would increase even more in the remaining of 2019. As it mentioned previously, citation analysis is used to recognize the frequency of the journals and to evaluate researchers' performance. Also, this analysis pro-vides an overview of the topic studied and information about researchers to other researchers using common references. It has been realizing that there are two ma-jor types of publications in the academic research study. These publications focus-ing on originality and developers of the contents to show the significance of re-search. The citation is a way of showing the evidence of material in the publications to illustrate the increasing number of research activities that contributed to the high impact of publications. Figure 4 demonstrates the citations received by the publi-cations over the last 6 years. As the number of publications has increased the number of citations has been also increased. The earlier publication which stays in the database for a longer period of time, has the higher chance to be cited. The av-erage number of citations is about 218 annually during 2014 – Fig. 4 The Number of Citation
Productivity
The productivity of the countries, which refers to the frequency or the number of publications, is presented in this section. A study of productivity growth of arti-cles reflects the attentions and overall strength of different countries in the related research fields. It also shows strengthen of the research mechanisms while leading research involving analysis on blockchain application in power systems. The focus on productivity analysis helps to enhance and improve the production efficiency of the publications. This also assesses which countries have produced more publi-cations. Figure 5 shows that China and the United States are the lead countries in the number of publications and data show these two countries contributed to almost half of the entire publications related to blockchain application in power systems. As Table 1 shows, this is followed by South Korea, England, and Australia.
Fig. 5 The Most Productive Countries Table 1 Productivity
Country Publication (No) Publication (%) China United States South Korea England Australia Italy Singapore Germany India France Canada Romania Japan Norway Austria Poland Russia Scotland Switzerland United Arab Emirates 67 66 19 18 16 15 15 14 12 10 9 9 8 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 24.72 24.35 7.01 6.64 5.90 5.54 5.54 5.16 4.48 3.79 3.32 3.32 2.95 2.21 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 9
Research areas
To measure the research performance based on citation and publication rates, researchers use research areas which shows the trend of the publication over time. Research areas develop a logical understanding of explicit research areas and how these challenge other areas in different sectors of the industries. Table 2 shows more details about research areas. Table 2 shows that the majority of the publications fall under computer science and engineering areas. In this regard, computer science and engineering are the two main research areas for blockchain application in power systems.
Table 2 Research Areas
Research Areas Publication (No) Publication (%) Computer Science Engineering Energy Fuels Telecommunication Business Economics Communication Mathematics Automation Control Systems Science Technology Instrument Instrumentation Government Law Physics Educational Research Materials Science Robotics Transportation Optics Social Work Development Studies Mechanics Nuclear Science Technology 187 154 97 64 60 47 26 25 17 10 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 69.00 56.82 35.79 23.61 22.14 17.34 9.59 9.22 6.27 3.69 1.47 1.47 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.74 0.74 0.37 0.37 0.37 Institutions
This section discusses the number of publications noted according to various institutions and measures different institution’s quality according to their publica- tions. Also, it identifies which of these institutions are currently active. Table 3 lists the institutions which conducted research related to blockchain application in power systems. The table shows that institutions in China in total have the highest number of publications. According to this table, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Nanyang Technological University have the highest number of publications. The most prominent institutions in Asia are located in China. It seems that the speed of publication about using blockchain in power systems, in China is much faster than the other countries in the world. This evidence suggests that there is keen competition among institutions across China in terms publications.
Table 3 Institution
Institution Publication (No) Publication (%) Country Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanyang Technological University National University of Singapore University of California Beijing University of P&T Politehnica University of Bucharest Shanghai Jiao Tong University UESTC UNSW Sydney University of Aalborg Chung-Ang University NUDT Tsinghua University United States Department of Energy University of Illinois The University of Newcastle Chongqing University 10 10 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 10 10 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 China Singapore Singapore United States China Romania China China Australia Denmark South Korea China China United States United States Australia China Authors
This section discusses the number of publications noted according to authors in various countries to identify who is the most active in terms of authorship. Table 4 lists the findings for authors who are the most productive. As the table illustrates, the majority of the authors are from China, Australia, Denmark, Italy, and Singa-pore. It appears some other countries such as Greece, Canada, Norway, and Japan are also able to contribute to many publications.
Table 4 List of authors
Authors Publication (No) Publication (%) Country Yan Chen Pietro Danzi Aggelos Kiayias Petar Popovski Prateek Saxena Cedomir Stefanovic Jun Wang Xiaonan Wang Yong Yuan Yan Zhang Ryosuke Abe Matthew Davison Maria Di Silvestre Fei Yue Wang Nikos Leonardos Yang Li Loi Luu Cristina Roscia Eleonora Sanseverino Terrence Summers Christopher Townsend Ping Wang Hui Yang Xiaosong Zhang Gaetano Zizzo Publishers
This section discusses the list of publishers which published the most publica-tions about blockchain application in power systems. This section is important as it shows the most leading journals, conferences, and book series in publications and the ones which have the highest citations. This information helps researchers to identify the high-quality journals and conferences to strengthen their work by publishing in them. Table 5 lists some publishers titles with the greatest number of publications in the field. It shows that the greatest number of publications belongs to the IEEE Access journal and Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences book series and followed by other journals such as Energies and Sensors. Table 5 demonstrates that IEEE Journals and Conferences are major publishers in terms of blockchain application in power systems. It shows that Lecture Notes in Computer Science received 67051 citations over the years followed by Applied Energy and Sensors with 42891 and 25150 citations respectively. This table also illustrates that journals with dominant citations per document by a remarkable dif-ference from the rest, are IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Applied Energy, and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. As a whole, the quality of high im-pact journals attracts researchers to publish their articles because it widely read by the other researcher and increases their citations.
Table 5 List of Publishers
Title Type P TC CD CPD IEEE Access Lecture Notes in Computer Science Energies Sensors ICRERA Applied Energy IEEE ICSGC Future Generation Computer Systems IEEE Internet of Things Journal IEEE Spectrum IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics ICPADS Sustainability Journals Book Series Journals Journals Conferences Journals Conferences Journals Journals Journals Journals Conferences Journals 12 12 8 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 19132 67051 12160 25150 251 42891 210 4600 4529 383 6348 256 13827 3277 25610 3202 5692 99 4416 90 658 369 133 676 134 3781 4.944 1.120 3.178 3.715 1.873 9.593 1.680 6.897 11.613 0.934 8.878 0.959 3.029
P: Publication No; TC: Total Cites; CD: Cited documents; CPD: Citations per document (2015-2018) Highly-cited articles
This section illustrates the quality and influence of research done in using blockchain in power systems by assessing the number of citations received by each publication. Table 6 lists the top 15 most cited publications, number of times cited, type to about 5.53% of the total publications. Moreover, the top highly-cited publication was published 4 years ago, showing compliance with the concept that the longer the publications have been in the database, the higher the number of ci-tations accumulated. Even though the blockchain is a new advent technology and there is no publication about blockchain application in power systems prior to 2014, the number of citations for publications in this field is high. Of the articles published , th e most cited was “Blockchain technology in the chemical industry: Machine-to- machine electricity market”. This paper investigat- ed blockchain application and presented a scenario including two electricity pro-ducers and one electricity consumer trading with together based on blockchain. It can be concluded that highly cited articles are high quality research in which the researcher recognizes other author's findings, ideas, methods, and influence in cer-tain fields. As a whole, if the topic in articles is more interesting, it increases jour-nal citations particularly when the subject is more special.
Table 6 Top 15 Highly-Cited Publications
Title Times Cited
The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol: Analysis and Applications
Blockchain technology in the chemical industry: Machine-to-machine electricity market Security and Privacy in Decentralized Energy Trading Through Multi-Signatures, Blockchain and Anonymous Messaging Streams Enabling Localized Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Among Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Consortium Blockchains Blockstack: A Global Naming and Storage System Secured by Blockchains A Secure Sharding Protocol for Open Blockchains Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets Blockchain Based Decentralized Management of Demand Response Programs in Smart Energy Grids Analyzing the Bitcoin Network: The First Four Years Consortium Blockchain for Secure Energy Trading in Industrial Internet of Things Research on the Technology and Economic Calculation Model of Power Transmission Line Considering Environmental Benefits Citizen utilities: The emerging power paradigm Privacy-Preserving and Efficient Aggregation Based on Blockchain for Power Grid Communications in Smart Communities Cryptocurrencies Without Proof of Work
20 4
Keywords frequency
This section discusses the type of keywords which are frequently used by re-searchers. These keywords could be used to analyze and identify research trends and gaps. Table 7 provides a list of unique keywords and title occurrences. This list was derived from a total of 5,958 keywords and 701 titles that had appeared in 271 publications between 2014 and 2019. Table 7 shows that the most relevant title and keyword is blockchain. This ta-ble also shows that blockchain and power system are consistently used in the liter-ature.
Table 7 Frequency of Keywords in Titles and Abstracts
Titles Frequency Keywords Frequency Blockchain System Bitcoin Analysis Microgrid Application Attack Power system Cryptocurrency Mining Security IOT Smart grid Energy trading Privacy 93 33 21 12 12 11 10 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 Blockchain Power system Protocol Energy Market Miner Block Cost Smart contract Vehicle Mining Management Privacy Method Grid 364 136 95 90 84 75 58 55 46 46 43 40 40 38 36
To provide an in-depth analysis, Figure 6 presents a word map based on a con-tent analysis of the publications. According to this map, the keywords are divided into 3 clusters in which two clusters are more specific. One of these clusters high- lighted by key terms which are related to “cryptocurrency”, “bitcoin”, “protocol”, “attack”, “reward” and another one contains keywords such as “microgrid”, “en-ergy”, “market”, “electric vehicle”. In addition, ‘‘power system’’, “blockchain”, and “ energy ” were noted as terms that act as links between the research topics. Fig. 6 Keywords Map Conclusions
In this paper, we used WoS as the literature source for the bibliometric analysis of blockchain application in power system from January 2014 to June 21, 2019. Seven criteria including productivity, research areas, institutions, authors, impact publishers, highly cited articles, and keyword frequency have been used in this study. Using these criteria, we uncovered the global trends and frontiers related to our subject. Between 2014 and 2018, it was noted that the number of publications related to blockchain application in power system had increased with an average annual growth rate of 418%. The analysis also indicated that the trend of block-chain publications experienced speedy progress with increased article publications and citations during this time period. It was noted that China and the United States are the lead countries with the most publications produced in academic research. Then, we showed that the ma-jority of the publications fall under computer science and engineering. Our analysis had indicated that IEEE Journals and Conferences are the major publishers in terms of blockchain application in power systems. This study also highlighted the active authors in terms of publications in different countries. Among the top 15 most active authors, there are 10 authors with 4 publications in this field. Finally, a map analysis of keyword frequencies had been used to de-scribe the trends and research directions for future studies in blockchain applica-tion in power system field. References [1] L. Abdallah and T. El-Shennawy, “ Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Electricity Sector Using Smart Electric Grid Applications, ” J. Eng. , vol. 2013, pp. 1 –
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