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A new revolution in low Earth orbit: How to use atmospheric gases as propellant to extend the life of satellites?
In the face of the increasing problem of space debris and the limitations of satellite operating life, scientists have begun to explore a new propulsion technology-Atmospheric Breathing Electric Propulsion (ABEP). This technology can use the residual gas in low Earth orbit (LEO) as propellant, without the need for the spacecraft itself to load propellant. This can not only improve the operating efficiency of the satellite, but also effectively extend its life.
Atmospheric-breathing electric propulsion technology has the potential to usher us into a new era of satellite missions, significantly reducing costs and improving the feasibility of long-term operations.
The basic principle of atmospheric breathing electric propulsion technology is to use thin gas in low Earth orbit as propellant. When satellites operate at altitudes below 400 kilometers, atmospheric drag must be overcome. The ABEP system collects gases from the surrounding environment through a special collection device, then ionizes these gases, and ejects them through a nozzle at a high speed to generate thrust. This allows satellites to operate longer since they do not need to carry large amounts of propellant.
In fact, as early as 1959, scientists had begun to explore the possibility of using the upper atmosphere as propellant. With the development of science and technology, this concept has been further enhanced and developed. Especially in 1995, the amendment to Child's Law significantly improved the design and efficiency of ABEP.
This modification allows us to more accurately theoretically model ion propulsion systems in low Earth orbit, which is critical for future satellite design.
Currently, the European Space Agency (ESA) and multiple research institutions are working on the development of ABEP technology. ESA officially announced the first successful ground demonstration of the RAM-EP prototype in 2018, which proved the feasibility of generating thrust based on gas ionization in the experiment.
Development and testing
In Europe, multiple projects for atmospheric breathing electric propulsion such as DISCOVERER and BREATHE are in full swing. These projects not only focus on the design and testing of air-breathing devices and thrusters, but also cover industrial applications and a wide range of scientific research needs. For example, the RAM-EP system designed and developed by SITAEL in Italy was first experimentally tested in 2017 and demonstrated the corresponding capabilities for future satellite operations.
In addition, British start-up NewOrbit Space is also developing an electric propulsion system that can completely use atmospheric air as propellant. Their preliminary test results show that the system can generate enough thrust to overcome atmospheric drag at orbits below 200 kilometers, which greatly increases the possibility of sustained operation in extremely low Earth orbits.
NewOrbit Space’s achievements mark a major breakthrough in this field and may have a profound impact on the aerospace industry in the future.
Progress between the United States and Japan
At the same time, the United States and Japan are also actively exploring this field. In 2004, Busek registered a patent for their Air Breathing Hall Effect Thruster (ABHET) and began feasibility studies on Mars in 2011, hoping to inhale and ionize carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere. This has a similar principle to the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Air Breathing Electric Engine (ABIE).
With the deepening of research, these technologies are not limited to applications on Earth, but can also be expanded to other planets with atmospheres, such as Mars and Venus, providing new possibilities for future planetary exploration missions.
Although atmospheric-breathing electric propulsion is still in the development stage, its potential is already clear. This technology can not only extend the operational life of satellites, but also reduce the cost of space missions, making longer-term space exploration possible.
Driven by this new technology, will we be able to witness the advent of an era of space travel that does not require propellant in the future?
