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The complex web of education reform: How do local, state, and federal governments influence students?
Education policy is the fundamental principles and policy decisions that affect the field of education, and also includes the laws and rules that govern the operation of the education system. Education governance may be shared among local, state, and federal governments and affects the operation of education at different levels. Some analysts view education policy as a means of social engineering. Education takes many forms, for many purposes, and through many institutions. Examples of these educational institutions include early childhood education centers, K-12 schools, two-year and four-year colleges, graduate and professional education institutions, adult education institutions, and vocational training institutions, and the educational goals of these institutions influence educational policy.
Education policy discussions range from school size, class size, school choice, school privatization, police in schools, separate classes, teacher selection, teacher pay, teaching methods, curriculum content, graduation requirements, and school infrastructure investments. And other issues.
In addition, education policy focuses on issues in higher education, such as barriers faced by faculty and students at community colleges and universities. Those issues include undocumented students, sex education and federal student aid. Educational policy analysis is the academic study that seeks to answer questions about the purpose of education, its design goals, and the methods of evaluating success or failure. This research involves multiple disciplines, ranging from education and public policy to psychology, economics and sociology.
Education Reform in the United States
Over the past 30 years, policymaker engagement has continued to increase at both the state and federal levels. Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, state governments have primary authority in the area of education. A major portion of the state government expenditure budget is used to fund schools, while a relatively small portion of the federal budget is allocated to education. However, the federal government has expanded its role in education by establishing federal education policies, which influence the funding and evaluation of education.
For example, the National Defense Education Act of 1958 was designed to increase federal funding for schools, and the U.S. Department of Education was established in 1979.
Currently, education reform is seen as a “tangled web” because of the way education authority operates. Some education policies are defined at the federal, state, or local level, and in most cases, these authorities overlap. Compared with other OECD countries, education governance in the United States is more decentralized, with autonomy at the state and regional levels dominating. This is mainly because American citizens emphasize individual rights and are concerned about the expansion of federal government power. The country’s education system lacks coherence and is unlikely to see improvement, according to a new report from the National Center on Education and the Economy.
Teacher Policies
Teacher policy primarily deals with issues of teacher preparation, recruitment, and retention. Teacher policies should be guided by being strategic, holistic, feasible, sustainable and context-sensitive, covering comprehensive objectives and key challenges. Governments need to invest in a comprehensive human capital system to prepare and retain qualified teachers to ensure the quality of education.
Nine key dimensions are considered essential in a comprehensive teacher policy: teacher recruitment and retention, teacher education, deployment, career pathways, teacher working conditions, pay and rewards, teacher standards, teacher accountability, and school Governance.
Secure ways to attract, recruit and retain quality teachers are critical to an effective education system. As the demand for teachers grows and the supply decreases, many teachers are choosing to quit, posing a threat to students’ academic and economic well-being.
Gender equality
Quality and timely data and evidence are key factors in policy development, planning and delivery in advancing gender equality in education. Such data can help countries identify and analyze gender patterns and trends to better plan and direct resources to address gender inequality.
Although the monitoring framework for SDG 4 is an improvement in the policy process, establishing a complete monitoring framework for gender equality in education still requires the integration of multiple indicators.
In the journey of education reform, we need to constantly reflect and explore: How can we make education policies more fair and effective to ensure that every student can get the support and opportunities they deserve in this system? ?
