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The secret of high matrix: How does it change proteins and determine their fate?
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells and plays a vital role in the internal transport of proteins, lipids and other substances in the cell. As the core of the endomembrane system, the high basal body is not only responsible for packaging proteins but also determines the final fate of these proteins. How this peculiar cell structure affects the operation and development of organisms has become a hot topic in current biological research.
The high matrix is like the post office of the cell, responsible for packaging and distributing the internal cargo, but its operating principles and processes are complex.
Discovery process
The discovery of Gauci bodies dates back to 1898, when Italian biologist Camillo Gauci first observed this unique structure while studying the nervous system. Initially, he named it the "internal reticulum", but the validity of this discovery was questioned until the development of modern microscopy in the 20th century, when its existence was finally confirmed.
With the deepening of research, the name and function of the high matrix gradually became clear, and it was named "high matrix" in 1910, and this name has been used to this day. The existence of high-basal bodies provides important clues for our understanding of the internal analysis of cells, especially its role in protein processing and dispatch.
Structure and positioning
In eukaryotes, the higher body is composed of a series of flat membrane-enclosed vesicles (called vesicles), which are also called "vesicle stacks". Typically, a mammalian cell contains 40 to 100 of these vesicles. The structure and arrangement of high-basal bodies vary in mammals, plants and yeast. In plant cells, the organization of the high basal body is not necessarily concentrated in one area, but varies according to the movement of microtubules and other structures inside the cell.
The organization of the high matrix helps to distinguish different enzymes and processes, ensuring that proteins are correctly modified and distributed during processing.
Function and role
The core function of the basal body is to receive proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modify and package them into vesicles that can be transported along pipelines within the cell to their final destination. This process involves not only the addition or removal of modifications to the protein, such as glycosylation, but also the addition of a signal sequence that dispatches it to its destination. For example, proteins can be transported to lysosomes by attaching a specific "mannose-6-phosphate" signal.
The process of protein transportThe wisdom of the macromolecule lies in the use of different enzymes and orderly processing to ensure that each protein works at the right time and place.
As the protein moves through the matrix, from its "cis" face to its "trans" face, it undergoes a series of changes. These changes include enzymatic activities in different regions, such as enzymatic processing in the early CGN and completion in the late TGN. In fact, the high matrix transport system is not just a simple "packaging and delivery" but also a dispatching center for the internal operations of the cell.
Current Transportation and Distribution Model
Scientists have proposed various models for the transport and distribution of high-matrix materials. The most well-known of these is the "vesicle advancement/maturation model", which states that proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the "cis side" of the high matrix body and then move in a "mature" manner between high matrix vesicles to "Trans surface". During this process, COPI vesicles are responsible for sending recycling proteins, ensuring the cascade and effectiveness of the process.
High matrix operates like a precision machine, precisely adjusting every process to ensure the correct transport of proteins.
Future Exploration Directions
Although the current transport model provides a basic framework for scientific research, there are still many questions to be answered, especially the directionality of COPI vesicles and the role of Rab GTPases in protein transport. Future studies will help uncover the deeper secrets and functions of macrosomes in cellular activities.
The macrosome is not only an important structure within the cell, its operation is essential for understanding basic processes of life. In this era of information explosion, are you also curious about the more secrets hidden behind this organelle?
