A. A. Krauze

Synthesis and Antiradical Activity of 5-Acetyl-2-alkylthio-4-aryl-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic Acid Nitriles

The alkylation of 3-cyano-1,4-dihydropyridine-2(3H)-thiones or the condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, cyanothioacetamide, acetylacetone, and methyl iodide in the presence of piperidine has given a series of novel 5-acetyl-2-alkylthio-4-aryl-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid nitriles. A compound was obtained from 3,5-di(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the molecule of which were combined the active part of the antioxidant ionol and a 1,4-dihydropyridine ring. It was found that, among the compounds synthesized, the highest antiradical activity occurred in a compound having two hydroxyl groups in the 4-phenyl substituent.

Efficient regioselective one-pot synthesis of partially hydrogenated thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridines

Abstract 7 H -Thiazolo[3,2- a ]pyridin-3(2 H )-ones, 7 H -thiazolo[3,2- a ]pyridin-3(2 H )-imines, and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl(phenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7 H -thiazolo[3,2- a ]pyridines have been obtained in good yields by a one-pot synthesis.

1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: Dihydronicotinamide Analogues-Model Compounds Targeting Oxidative Stress.

Many 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) possess redox properties. In this review DHPs are surveyed as protectors against oxidative stress (OS) and related disorders, considering the DHPs as specific group of potential antioxidants with bioprotective capacities. They have several peculiarities related to antioxidant activity (AOA). Several commercially available calcium antagonist, 1,4-DHP drugs, their metabolites, and calcium agonists were shown to express AOA. Synthesis, hydrogen donor properties, AOA, and methods and approaches used to reveal biological activities of various groups of 1,4-DHPs are presented. Examples of DHPs antioxidant activities and protective effects of DHPs against OS induced damage in low density lipoproteins (LDL), mitochondria, microsomes, isolated cells, and cell cultures are highlighted. Comparison of the AOA of different DHPs and other antioxidants is also given. According to the data presented, the DHPs might be considered as bellwether among synthetic compounds targeting OS and potential pharmacological model compounds targeting oxidative stress important for medicinal chemistry.

Thieno(2,3-b)pyridines—A new class of multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators

To identify new potent multidrug resistance modulators, we have synthesized a series of novel thieno[2,3-b]pyridines and furo[2,3-b]pyridines, and examined their structure-activity relationships. All synthesized compounds were tested to determine BCRP1, P-gp, and MRP1 inhibitor activity, and most potent MDR modulators were also screened for their toxicity, cytotoxicity and Ca(2+) channel antagonist activity. Among these compounds, thieno[2,3-b]pyridine (6r) was found to exhibit a potent P-gp inhibitory action with EC50 = 0.3 ± 0.2 μM, MRP1 inhibitory action with EC50 = 1.1 ± 0.1 μM and BCRP1 inhibitory action with EC50 = 0.2 ± 0.05 μM and may represent suitable candidate for further pharmacological studies.

Effects of 5-acetyl(carbamoyl)-6-methylsulfanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-5-carbonitriles on rat liver mitochondrial function

It is increasingly recognised that mitochondria are potential targets to pharmacological and toxicological actions of membrane-active agents, including some 1,4-dihydropyridines derivatives (DHPs). The 5-acetyl(carbamoyl)-6-methylsulfanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-5-carbonitriles (OSI-1146, OSI-3701, OSI-3761, and OSI-9642) is a new group of DHPs with minor differences on the molecular structure. It has also been shown that OSI-1146 displays cardiovascular, antioxidant, and antiradical activities, whereas OSI-3701 and OSI-3761 display hepatoprotective activity. Due to their protective properties, this group of DHPs may be potentially useful for the treatment of several pathological processes, including those associated with oxidative stress. However, the cellular targets for their pharmacological actions have not been investigated. The presented study, using isolated rat liver mitochondria was designed to investigate if mitochondria are a cellular target for the pharmacological and/or toxicological actions of these new group of DHPs. We studied the direct influence of these DHPs on rat liver mitochondrial function [bioenergetics, membrane permeability transition (MPT), and oxidative stress]. It was shown that OSI-1146, OSI-3761, and OSI-9642, in the concentration range of up to 200 microM, interfered with mitochondrial bioenergetics by affecting complexes I and II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, the ATPase activity, and mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to protons. However, the effects of OSI-1146 were higher than those of OSI-3761 and OSI-9642. The remaining compound, OSI-3701, had no effect on the bioenergetic parameters tested. All the compounds increased the susceptibility of mitochondria to MPT, but, OSI-3701, not affecting the bioenergetic parameters, was the most potent. Moreover, all the compounds protected mitochondria against lipid peroxidation induced by the oxidant pair ADP/Fe(2+), but OSI-1146 was also the most potent. In conclusion, our results indicate that mitochondria are the potential intracellular targets for both protective and toxicological actions of the DHP compounds studied, suggesting that the potential use of these compounds as therapeutic agents should carefully consider their toxic effects to mitochondria.

Preparation and properties of piperidine salts of 6-hydroxy-4,6-diaryl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-cyanopiperidine-2-thiones

Alkylation of piperidine salts of 6-hydroxy-4,6-diaryl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-cyanopiperidine-2(1H)-thiones yielded 6-hydroxy-2-alkylthio-4,6-diaryl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridines which were dehydrogenated with the formation of 2-methylthio-1,4- and 4,5-dihydropyridines. The oxidation of the compounds prepared has been studied.

Synthesis and cardiovascular activity of 4-substituted 2-alkylthio-1,4-dihydropyridines

decrease in pressure was more pronounced. The remaining compounds were inactive under these experimental conditions. In experiments on an isolated seminal duct of rats during intramural electrical irritation of adrenergic nervous extremities, compounds la-c, Va, Vllc at concentrations of i0-6-i0 -~ g/ml did not change the contraction amplitude of the organ, i.e., did not display sympatholytic action. Under these experimental conditions, octadyne decreased the contraction amplitude of an isolated seminal duct by 50% at a concentration of 5.4.10 -7 g/ml.

Synthesis of 3-amino-6-methyl-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4,7-dihydrothieno(2,3-b)pyridine derivatives

The alkylation of piperidinium salts of substituted 1,4-dihydropyridine-2-thiols with chloroacetonitrile or iodoacetamide gave 2-cyanomethylthio- and 2-carbamoylmethylthio-substituted 6-methyl-4-aryl(pyridyl)-5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-cyano-1,4-dihydropyridines, which undergo intramolecular cyclization in basic media to give 3-amino-6-methyl-4-aryl(pyridyl)-5-ethoxycarbonyl-2-cyano(carbamoyl)-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-b]pyridines.

Synthesis of 3-cyano-4, 6-diaryl-3, 4-dihydropyridine-2-thionks

Abstract3-Cyano-4, 6-diaryl-3, 4-dihydropyridine-2-thiones have been synthesized for the first time by the condensation of arylideneacetophenones or 1-piperidino-1-phenyl-2-benzoylethane with cyanothioacetamide and the 1, 1-dicyano-2-aryl-3-benzoylpropane with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of bases. It has been established by PMR spectroscopy that 3-cyano-3,4-dihydropyridine-2-thiones exist in solutions in the form of mixture of cis and trans isomers.

Synthesis and enantioselective lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of methyl 6-(methoxycarbonyl-methyl)sulfanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates

A series of methyl 6-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)sulfanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates as more lipophilic derivatives of biologically active 6-methylsulfanyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid esters has been prepared by alkylation of 6-thioxo-1,4-dihydropyridines with methyl bromoacetate. The kinetic resolution catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435®) has been investigated; the enantiomeric excess of the target products reached 70%. The experiments revealed that the 6-(methoxycarbonylmethyl)sulfanyl group is an essentially new activating group, which, being removed by five bonds from the chiral center, undergoes easy enzymatic hydrolysis and could be used for kinetic resolution of racemic 1,4-dihydropyridines.