A.A.M. Farag

Structural and transport properties of thermally evaporated nickel phthalocyanine thin films

X-ray diffraction patterns of NiPc in powder form show that it has a ?-form with monoclinic structure. The thermal evaporation of NiPc led to ?-polycrystalline films orientated preferentially to the (001) plane with an amorphous background. After annealing at 573?K for 2?h, a mixture of ?- and ?-phases was formed, while the conversion into ?-NiPc is completed at 623?K. The dark electrical resistivity has been measured on NiPc films in the temperature range 298?423?K. Two activation energies ?E1 = 0.12?eV and ?E2 = 0.76?eV were obtained. The thermal activation energy ?E1 is associated with impurity conduction and ?E2 is associated with intrinsic conduction. Thermoelectric power measurement proved that NiPc films are p-type. The thermoelectric power curves also exhibit two different regions corresponding to extrinsic and intrinsic conductions. Room temperature J?V measurements show a linear ohmic dependence at low voltages, followed by SCLC at higher voltage levels, dominated by an exponential distribution of traps with total trap concentration of 2.79 ? 1022?m?3.

Thin film assembly of nano-sized Zn(II)-8-hydroxy-5,7-dinitroquinolate by using successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique: Characterization and optical–electrical–photovoltaic properties

A method is described for thin film assembly of nano-sized Zn(II)-8-hydroxy-5,7-dinitroquinolate complex, Zn[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] by using successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. Highly homogeneous assembled nano-sized metal complex thin films with particle size distribution in the range 27-47nm was identified by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Zn[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] and [(NO(2))(2)-8HQ] ligand were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Graphical representation of temperature dependence of the dark electrical conductivity produced two distinct linear parts for two activation energies at 0.377eV and 1.11eV. The analysis of the spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient in the intrinsic absorption region reveals a direct allowed transition with a fundamental band gap of 2.74eV. The dark current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics showed the rectification effect due to the formation of junction barrier of Zn[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] complex film/n-Si interface. The photocurrent in the reverse direction is strongly increased by photo-illumination and the photovoltaic characteristics were also determined and evaluated.

Spectral–optical–electrical–thermal properties of deposited thin films of nano-sized calcium(II)-8-hydroxy-5,7-dinitroquinolate complex

Spectral-optical-electrical-thermal properties of deposited thin films of nano-sized calcium(II)-8-hydroxy-5,7-dinitroquinolate complex, Ca[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)], were explored, studied and evaluated in this work. Thin films of Ca[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] were assembled by using a direct, simple and efficient layer-by-layer (LBL) chemical deposition technique. The optical properties of thin films were investigated by using spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence in the wavelength range 200-2500 nm. The refractive index, n, and the absorption index, k, of Ca[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] films were determined from the measured transmittance and reflectance. The real and imaginary dielectric constants were also determined. The analysis of the spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient in the intrinsic absorption region reveals a direct allowed transition with band gaps of 1.1 eV and 2.4 eV for the optical and transport energy gaps, respectively. The current-voltage characteristics of Ca[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] showed a trap-charge limited conduction in determining the current at the intermediate and high bias regimes. Graphical representation of the current-voltage characteristics yields three distinct linear parts indicating the existence of three conduction mechanisms. Structural characterization and identification were confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to image the surface morphology of the deposited nano-sized metal complex and such study revealed a high homogeneity in surface spherical particle distribution with average particles size in the range 20-40 nm. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also studied for [(NO(2))(2)-8HQ] and Ca[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] to evaluate and confirm the thermal stability characteristics incorporated into the synthesized nano-sized Ca[((NO(2))(2)-8HQ)(2)] complex.

Structural, molecular orbital and optical characterizations of binuclear mixed ligand copper (II) complex of phthalate with N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine and its applications.

A new binuclear mixed ligand complex, [Cu2(Phth)(Me4en)2(H2O)2(NO3)2]·H2O (where, Phth=phthalate, and (Me4en)=N,N,N,Ntetramethylethylenediamine) was synthesized and characterized using analytical, spectral, magnetic, molar conductance, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements. The XRD data of Cu(II)-complex was analyzed on the basis of Williamson-Hall (W-H) and compared with TEM results. The results indicate that the complex is well crystalline and correspond to hexagonal crystal structure. Analysis of the absorption coefficient near the absorption edge reveals that the optical band gaps are indirect allowed transition with values of 1.17 and 1.78 eV. The d-d absorption bands of the complex (dissolved in various solvents) exhibit a color changes (solvatochromic). Specific and non-specific interactions of solvent molecules with the complex were investigated using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLRA). Transient photocurrent characteristics of Cu(II)-complex/n-Si heterojunctions indicate that photocurrent under illumination increase with increasing of light intensity and explained by continuous distribution of traps. Structural parameters of the free ligands and their Cu(II)-complex were calculated on the basis of semi-empirical PM3 level and compared with the experimental data. The present copper (II) complex was screened for its antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungus strain.

Synthesis, molecular, electronic structure, linear and non-linear optical and phototransient properties of 8-methyl-1,2-dihydro-4H-chromeno[2,3-b]quinoline-4,6(3H)-dione (MDCQD): Experimental and DFT investigations

Base catalysed ring opening ring closure (RORC) reaction of 6-methylchromone-3‑carbonitrile (1) with 1,3-cyclohexanedione afforded 8-methyl-1,2-dihydro-4H-chromeno[2,3-b]quinoline-4,6(3H)-dione (MDCQD). Theoretical calculations by Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory was utilized to illustrate the equilibrium geometries of MDCQD. Also, the nonlinear optical properties, simple harmonic vibrational frequencies, thermo-chemical parameters and Mullikan atomic charges were calculated. In addition, the electronic absorption spectra in polar and non polar solvents were discussed on the basis of TD-DFT calculations. A nanofiber-like structure with high aggregation was resolved by using scanning electron microscopy images and its particle sizes were measured by particle size analyzer. The spectroscopic characteristics of the prepared thin film of MDCQD were studied in a wide spectral range of 200-2500nm. The analysis of the absorption edges affords two direct optical band gaps with energies of 1.00 and 2.76eV. A characteristic emission peak of photoluminescence spectrum in the visible region was detected and has a red-shift as a result of solvent polarity. The MDCQD film based heterojunction showed rectification behavior and diode-like characteristics. The photovoltaic characteristics under illumination of 100mW/cm2 were studied. The open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current were found to be 0.22V and 4.25×10-7A/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the prepared heterojunction showed remarkable phototransient characteristics which afford the probability for the operation as a photodiode.

Structural, molecular orbital and optical characterizations of solvatochromic mixed ligand copper(II) complex of 5,5-Dimethyl cyclohexanate 1,3-dione and N,N,N',N'N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine.

In this work, a new solvatochromic mononuclear mixed ligand complex with the formula, Cu(DMCHD)(Me5dien)NO3 (where, DMCHD=5,5-Dimethyl cyclohexanate 1,3-dione and (Me5dien)=N,N,N,NN″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine was synthesized and characterized by analytical, spectral, magnetic, molar conductance, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements. The formation constant-value for copper (II)-DMCHD was found to be much lower than the expected for similar β-diketones, revealing monobasic unidentate nature of this ligand. The d-d absorption bands of the prepared complex exhibit a color changes in various solvent (solvatochromic). Specific and non-specific interactions of solvent molecules with the complex were investigated using Multi Parametric Linear Regression Analysis (MLRA). Structural parameters of the free ligands and their Cu (II) - complex were calculated on the basis of semi-empirical PM3 level and compared with the experimental data. The crystallite size and morphology of Cu(DMCHD)(Me5dien)NO3 were examined using XRD analysis and TEM, revealing that the complex is well crystalline and correspond to the monoclinic crystal structure. The lattice strain and mean crystallite size were estimated by Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot using X-ray diffraction data. The main important absorption parameters such as extinction molar coefficient, oscillator strength and electric dipole strength of the principal optical transitions in the UV-Vis region were calculated. The analysis of absorption coefficient near the fundamental absorption edge reveals that the optical band gaps are direct allowed transitions with values of 2.78 eV and 3.59 eV. The present copper (II) complex was screened for its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus Aureus and Bacillus Subtilis as Gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Typhimurium as Gram-negative bacteria and Candida Albicans as fungus strain.

Spectral, thermal and optical-electrical properties of the layer-by-layer deposited thin film of nano Zn(II)-8-hydroxy-5-nitrosoquinolate complex.

Zinc(II)-8-hydroxy-5-nitrosoquinolate, [Zn(II)-(HNOQ)2], was synthesized and assembled as a deposited thin film of nano-metal complex by a rapid, direct, simple and efficient procedure based on layer-by-layer chemical deposition technique. Stoichiometric identification and structural characterization of [Zn(II)-(HNOQ)2] were confirmed by electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Surface morphology was studied by using a scanning electron microscope imaging (SEM) and the particle size was found to be in the range of 23-49 nm. Thermal stability of [Zn(II)-(HNOQ)2] was studied and the thermal parameters were evaluated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The current density-voltage measurements showed that the current flow is dominated by a space charge limited and influenced by traps under high bias. The optical properties of [Zn(II)-(HNOQ)2] thin films were found to exhibit two direct allowed transitions at 2.4 and 1.0 eV, respectively.

Synthesis, molecular orbital, optical and device characterization of mononuclear mixed ligand nickel(II) complex of phthalate with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine for photodiode applications

In this work, a new synthesized mononuclear mixed ligand nickel(II) complex was characterized by various techniques. Crystalline characteristics of [Ni(Phth)(Me4en)(H2O)2]·4H2O were studied by using transmission electron microscope(TEM). Well crystalline structure corresponds to the hexagonal crystal system and identified by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were achieved. Coordination of the nickel(II) ion with the functional groups of the ligands was established from the IR spectrum. Molar conductance of the current complex in DMF (10(-3)mol/L) indicated a non-electrolytic nature of the complex. Electronic spectra showed a strong band in the region 661-684nm; MeCN (661nm), CHCl3 (663nm), MeOH (667nm), Me2CO (675nm), DMSO (682nm) and DMF (684nm) which can be assigned to (3)A2g(F)→(3)T1g(F) transition of an octahedral structure around nickel(II). Multiple peaks were easily resolved from the spectral dependence of the absorption coefficient (α) measurements and the analysis near the fundamental absorption edge showed two direct allowed transition with energy gaps of 1.18 and 2.53eV. Dark current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of [Ni(Phth)(Me4en)(H2O)2]·4H2O/n-Si heterojunctions were studied to extract the main important parameters of the heterojunction device. The electrical characteristics of the heterojunction device under illumination hold the suitability of the device for optoelectronic applications.

Successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique synthesis of Al(III)–8-hydroxy-5-nitrosoquinolate nano-sized thin films: Characterization and factors optimization

Nano Al(III)-8-hydroxy-5-nitrosoquinolate [Al(III)-(HNOQ)(3)] thin films were synthesized by the rapid, direct, simple and efficient successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. Thin film formation optimized factors were evaluated. Stoichiometry and structure were confirmed by elemental analysis and FT-IR. The particle size (27-71 nm) was determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal stability and thermal parameters were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Optical properties were investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence. Refractive index, n, and absorption index, k, were determined. Spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient in the intrinsic absorption region revealed a direct allowed transition with 2.45 eV band gap. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of [Al(III)-(HNOQ)(3)]/p-Si heterojunction was measured at room temperature. The forward and reverse I-V characteristics were analyzed. The calculated zero-bias barrier height (Φ(b)) and ideality factor (n) showed strong bias dependence. Energy distribution of interface states (N(ss)) was obtained.

Electrical and photovoltaic properties of CuTPP/p-Si organic- inorganic hybrid hetrojunction

Thin films of 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine copper(II), CuTPP were prepared by conventional thermal evaporation technique on p-Si substrates to form CuTPP/p-Si organic-inorganic hybrid hetrojunction. The temperature-dependence of the electrical characteristics of the CuTPP/p-Si heterojunction in the temperature range of 298-353 K was studied. The barrier height and ideality factor of the heterojunction were determined as a function of temperature. It is noticed that the bias barrier height uf046b increases and the ideality factor m decreases by increasing the temperature. Such behavior can be attributed to barrier inhomogeneities by assuming a high mismatch in CuTPP /p-Si interface. The value of series (Rs) and shunt (Rsh) resistances were determined using junction resistance and found to be a strongly temperature. Variation of 1/C 2 with voltage shows a straight line at high frequency (1 MHz) indicating the formation of barrier between CuTPP and p-Si and the potential barrier height is about 0.92 eV at 298 K. The photovoltaic properties of CuTPP /p-Si heterojunction were investigated under illumination and the main important parameters such as open circuit voltage, Voc, and short circuit current,Isc, were found to be 0.289 V and 0.03 A,respectively..