A. Bouscayrol

Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Architectures and Modeling

With the advent of more stringent regulations related to emissions, fuel economy, and global warming, as well as energy resource constraints, electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles have attracted increasing attention from vehicle constructors, governments, and consumers. Research and development efforts have focused on developing advanced powertrains and efficient energy systems. This paper reviews the state of the art for electric, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles, with a focus on architectures and modeling for energy management. Although classic modeling approaches have often been used, new systemic approaches that allow better understanding of the interaction between the numerous subsystems have recently been introduced.

Energy Storage System With Supercapacitor for an Innovative Subway

In this paper, a new energy storage system (ESS) is developed for an innovative subway without supply rail between two stations. The ESS is composed of a supercapacitor bank and a braking resistor. An inversion-based control of the ESS is deduced from the Energetic Macroscopic Representation of the entire system. This control scheme requires a distribution criterion in order to allow the energy to be shared between the supercapacitors and the braking resistor. Different cases are evaluated via a Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation using a reduced-power ESS. The suggested control enables the energy recovery to be maximal and secure the supercapacitor in real time for different track configurations.

Generic control method of multileg voltage-source-converters for fast practical implementation

A generic and simple control method is suggested for any multileg voltage-source-converter. A specific coding yields an inversion table allowing a fast practical implementation. Phase-to-phase voltage references have to be defined for such a table. This original control strategy is validated by experimental results for two-leg, three-leg, four-leg, and five-leg structures supplying balanced and unbalanced multiphase loads.

Different types of Hardware-In-the-Loop simulation for electric drives

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations are more and more used to assess performances of electric drives. Software simulations lead to develop control of the studied system. In this case generally a lot of simplifications are assumed to reduce the computation time. Before a real-time implementation of the control, HIL simulations could be a very useful intermediary step. Thus a hardware device is introduced in the loop in order to take its real constraints into account. In this paper, three different kinds of HIL simulation are suggested: signal level, power level, and mechanical level. A example is given for the traction system of an electric scooter.

Influence of control strategies on battery/supercapacitor hybrid Energy Storage Systems for traction applications

The energy storage is key issue for traction applications like Electric Vehicles (EVs) or Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). Indeed, it needs a higher power and energy density, a weak bulk and size, a long lifetime and a low cost. A hybrid Energy Storage System (ESS) using batteries and supercapacitors, seems to be a good device to answer to these constraints. The objective of the paper is to study the influence of control strategies for this hybrid ESS. Indeed, according to the used strategy, this association can be more and less interesting compared to an ESS only composed of batteries. Three control strategies are proposed.

Specifications and Design of a PM Electric Variable Transmission for Toyota Prius II

This paper focuses on an analysis of technical requirements for the design of a permanent-magnet-type electric variable transmission (PM-EVT), which is a novel series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain concept. Similar to the planetary gear train used in Toyota Prius II, the EVT also realizes the power-split function. However, it is implemented in an electromagnetic way rather than in a mechanical way, as is the case for Prius II with a planetary gear. In this paper, a procedure to define the technical requirements of an EVT is presented. Since Toyota Prius II is a well-known series-parallel HEV, this vehicle is chosen as a reference. The engine, battery, and other necessary components are kept as input data. A dynamic simulation was performed to take into account different driving cycles. Then, based on an analysis of the simulation results (torque, speed, and power) the technical requirements of the PM-EVT are defined. Finally, the PM-EVT machine is designed. The PM-EVT design results are presented and validated using the finite-element method (FEM).

Modelling, control and simulation of an overall wind energy conversion system

More and more conversion systems have been proposed to capture wind energy in order to produce electrical power. In this paper, an energetic macroscopic representation is used to describe such systems composed of very different parts. This representation yields the simulation model of the overall system based on energetic considerations. Moreover, a control structure can be deduced from this representation by simple inversion rules. Hence, the different strategies of wind turbine management can be shown by the theoretical control structure. In order to illustrate this modelling and control methodology a 750 kW wind energy conversion system is studied and simulated.

Control implementation of a five-leg AC-AC converter to supply a three-phase induction machine

A fault-tolerant ac-ac converter capable of supplying a three-phase induction machine from the grid with an unitary power factor has been proposed. With one faulted converter leg, two of the remaining five legs are connected to the grid, two legs are connected to the machine, and a common leg is shared by the grid and the machine. The previously developed control strategy required a too great computation time for practical implementation. In this paper, a new control strategy is suggested for this power converter. It enables an easier control implementation. Experimental results are provided.

Inversion-based control of electromechanical systems using causal graphical descriptions

Causal ordering graph and energetic macroscopic representation are graphical descriptions to model electromechanical systems using integral causality. Inversion rules have been defined in order to deduce control structure step-by-step from these graphical descriptions. These two modeling tools can be used together to develop a two-layer control of system with complex parts. A double-drive paper system is taken as an example. The deduced control yields good performances of tension regulation and velocity tracking

Reduced-Scale-Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of an Innovative Subway

An innovative subway has been proposed using super capacitors as the main energy source. Different steps have been defined in order to check the performance of this new supply system on a real subway. In this paper, a reduced-scale hardware-in-the-loop simulation is presented for initial experimental validations on a reduced-power experimental setup. Special attention is paid to reproducing torque, acceleration, and jerk limitations of the real system.