A.C. Barreto

Human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Três Braços, Bahia - Brazil: an area of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis transmission. II. Cutaneous disease. Presentation and evolution

Foram analisados os dados clinicos de 182 pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea, provavelmente causada por Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. Sessenta e oito por cento apresentavam uma unica lesao, usualmente uma ulcera, na terca parte inferior anterior da tibia. Todos os grupos etarios estavam representados e muitos apresentaram historico de um a dois meses. Treze por cento apresentavam lesoes fechadas de natureza verrucosa ou em placa. Apos tratamento, a evolucao destas lesoes foi relacionada a regularidade da terapia por antimonio. Embora a cura usualmente ocorresse em tres meses, o tempo de cicatrizacao, apos o inicio de tratamento, foi variavel e relativo ao tamanho da lesao (p < 0.01). Em geral a lesao fechava quando era dado suficiente antimonio como tratamento. Sete entre dez pacientes que apresentavam teste cutâneo negativo para leishmania tomavam positivos apos o tratamento. Observou-se por fluorescencia indireta, um declinio significante nos titulos de anticorpos em pacientes acompanhados durante e apos a terapia.

A histological classification of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil and its clinical evaluation.

Biopsies of skin and mucosal lesions were made on 60 well documented Brazilian patients with untreated cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, whose response to treatment was subsequently evaluated in 38 cases. The biopsies were examined with a view to classification after correlation with clinical and immunological findings. Although there was no simple or unified spectrum, five histological groups were defined and found to have some clinico-prognostic significance. In two groups the cases were all cutaneous with a relatively good prognosis. In another two groups they were evolving as mucocutaneous with a poor prognosis. The fifth group showed mixed characteristics with a tendency to relapse. There was no strong correlation with serum antibodies or Montenegro skin test, which were usually positive, or with parasite load, which was always low. The tissue response was distinguished from that in oriental sore by the degree of connective tissue involvement in all groups. It was the primary response in two groups, and subsidiary to a mono-nuclear response in the others. It suggested damage due to extra-cellular parasites or immune complexes. It did not correlate with the distinction between cutaneous and mucocutaneous disease. The single, most favourable, prognostic feature in either the cellular or connective tissue component was necrosis with a reactive response.

Características epidemiológicas da leishmaniose tegumentar americana em uma região endêmica do Estado da Bahia: III. Fauna flebotomínica

The phlebotomine fauna is highly varied in tres Bracos, an endemic area american cutaneous leishmaniasis, situated in the cacao growing region in the southeast of Bahia State, brazil. Thirty species of the Lutzomyia genus were identified in 13,535 spcecimens collected between 1976 and 1984. Lutzomyia whitmani was the dominant species accounting for 99% or flies in the periodomicile and 97.5% of those caught in homes. In the forest the predominant species were Lu. ayrozai and Lu. yulli. Lu whitmani accounted for only 1.0% of the specimens examined. Lu. flaviscutellata, the proven vector of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, was also collected in small numbers, I.u. wellcomei, a known vector of L. braziliensis braziliensis in the Serra dos Carajas, Para, Brazil was not encountered in the Tres Bracos region where the parasite causing human infections is usually L.b. braziliensis. Although we have not encountered a natural infection with leishmanial promastigotes in 1.832 females of the various species examined, we discuss the probability that Lu. whitmani is the vector of L.b braziliensis in the region mantaining transmission in dogs and man.

Long-term follow-up of patients with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection and treated with Glucantime®

Seventy-nine patients with cutaneous (62) or mucosal (17) infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Três Braços, Bahia, Brazil, were followed for at least 4 years after initiating treatment with antimony. Cutaneous relapses occurred in 6/62 (10%), mucosal relapse after cutaneous infection in 2/62 (3%), and mucosal relapse after mucosal disease in 2/17 (17%). It is concluded that relapse (cutaneous and mucosal) is rare after adequate antimony therapy and that no definite prediction of relapse (clinical, serological or by skin reaction) is possible.

Leishmaniose mucocutânea humana em Três Braços, Bahia - Brasil: uma área de transmissão de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. III. Comprometimento mucoso e evolução inicial

In an analysis of 57 patients mucosal disease was commonestin males(77%) in the third decade of life although the age range was wide and even two children were affected. All but nine patients (16%) had signs of cutaneous leishmaniasis but in only 8(14%) was this lesion active. The nose was affected in 100% of 19 patients with multiple lesions and 92% of 38 patients with single lesions. The pharynx, palate, larynx and upper lip were affected in this order. 42% of patients with multiple lesions had laryngeal disease and in two patients this site existed as a lone lesion. No age difference could be discemed as to whether lesions were single or multiple. Duration of mucosal disease was very variable from less than 4 months to 264 months. Only 7% developed mucosal disease more than ten years after the cutaneous lesion. Usually patients responded to adequate antimonial treatment but there were exceptions, when amphotericin B had to be used Three patients who refused to collaborate regarding treatment died Only 18% of patients in whom measurements were made had positive fluorescent antibodies two years after treatment.

Human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Tres Bracos. Bahia - Brazil. An area of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis transmission. I. Laboratory diagnosis.

Leishmanial parasites were detected in 71.2% of patients with cutaneous disease and 48% of patients with mucosal disease, using principally scanning of imprints mears and histological sections and hamster inoculation. Parasites were more frequent in early cutaneous lesions (p < 0.005) o fless than two month duration. Also they were more common in multiple than single mucosal lesions (p < 0.02) in spite of considerable prior glucan time therapy in the former group. 93% of cutaneous lesions had a positive leishmanin skin test and most of the negatives occurred in patients with lesions of less than one month duration. 97% of patients with single mucosal lesion and 79% with multiple mucosal lesions had a positive skin test. 86% of cutaneous disease and 90% of mucosal disease was associated with a positive indirect immunofluorescent antibody test at a ≥ 1/20 dilution. In both groups multiple lesions were associated with higher titres and titres were significantly higher in patients with mucosal disease compared with cutaneous disease (p < 0.01).

A focus of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Três Braços, Bahia, Brazil: characterization and identification of Leishmania stocks isolated from man and dogs

The characterization and identification to species and subspecies of 20 stocks of Leishmania isolated from the region of Três Braços, Bahia, Brazil, are described: 17 stocks were from patients and three from dogs. The following techniques were used (i) biological (growth in culture, hamster tissues and phlebotomine gut), (ii) biochemical (isoenzyme and kinetoplast DNA analysis) and (iii) immunological (using monoclonal antibodies). All except two stocks belong to the L. braziliensis complex. One of these two corresponded to L. mexicana amazonensis but the other, while clearly in the mexicana complex, showed slight differences from the L. mexicana amazonensis reference strain on isoenzyme analysis. Two stocks from different lesions in the same patient and with different growth characteristics in hamster tissues were both identified as L. braziliensis braziliensis. All the fully characterized stocks of the L. braziliensis complex were identified as L. braziliensis braziliensis. L. braziliensis guyanensis was not identified. Dog and human stocks of L. braziliensis braziliensis were indistinguishable. From these findings and other evidence, L. braziliensis braziliensis seems to be the predominant species transmitted in Três Braços.

Nifurtimox in the treatment of South American leishmaniasis

A trial of Nifurtimox (Lampit) in 26 patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is reported. 13 patients with cutaneous lesions and 13 patients with mucosal disease were treated with a daily oral divided dose of 10 mg/kg body-weight for 30 days. 46% of the cutaneous cases and only 15% of the mucosal cases apparently responded to this regimen during at least one year of follow up. The difficulties of assessing cure in this disease are briefly discussed. We consider that Nifurtimox remains an investigational drug. While possibly exhibiting some anti-leishmanial activity it cannot be recommended for routine use in either form of the disease.

An outbreak of human Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection

The occurrence of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis among inhabitants of 10 farms within 10 Km of the hamlet of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil was studied prospectively from 1984-1989. A mean population of 1,056 inhabitants living in 146 houses were visited every 6 months and the number of skin ulcers recorded. A leishmanin skin test survey was done people with suggestive skin scars or active disease in 1984. The incidence of skin ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (Lvb) reached 83/1,000 inhabitants but declined sharply in the subsequent 2 years. Retrospective data shows that leishmaniasis is a sporadic endemic disease. Although the reasons for this epidemic are unclear some possible aetiological factors are discussed.

Conceitos de uma população local a respeito da leishmaniose mucocutânea em uma área endêmica

An enquiry regarding the localpeoples views on the nature of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is reported from Tres Bracos, Bahia, an area of high prevalence of L. braziliensis braziliensis infections. The results of this survey indicate a generally good understanding by the population of the treatment of this endemic disease, with little knowledge regarding etiology or prevention. Such base line data provides valuable insight into how the group should proceed with plans to eventually control transmission in this rural community.