A. Di Ciaula

Effects of cholestyramine on gallbladder and gastric emptying in obese and lean subjects

Abstract. Gallbladder stasis is frequent in obese subjects and may contribute to their increased risk for gallstone formation. The bile salt sequestrant cholestyramine acutely enhances postprandial gallbladder emptying in lean subjects, through dis‐inhibition of a negative feedback between intraluminal bile salts and CCK release. In this study the effect of cholestyramine on both gallbladder and gastric antrum dynamics were studied by realtime ultrasonography in 12 obese and 15 lean subjects. For the acute study, on different days, subjects ingested a liquid meal (two egg yolks plus water 200 mL, 50 kJ) or a meal with 4g cholestyramine. Gallbladder emptying was impaired in obese patients who had significantly larger fasting gallbladder volume (39.4 ± 6.9 vs. 21.6 ± l.7mL, P<0.02), larger residual volume (12.3 ± 1.8 vs. 4.0 ± 0.5ml, P< 0.0006) and slower emptying time (T/2: 33 ± 2 vs. 21 ± 2 min, P < 0.05) than lean subjects. Integrated antral emptying was also less in obese than lean subjects (5521 ± 578 vs. 7908 ± 491 % 120min‐1, P<0.02). Cholestyramine enhanced postprandial gallbladder emptying in both obese and lean subjects. Gastric emptying was delayed with cholestyramine in lean but not obese subjects. For the chronic study, after 1 month therapy with cholestyramine (4 g every 2 days), the motility tests were repeated in nine obese subjects. Gallbladder and gastric responses to a test meal, with or without cholestyramine, were preserved. We conclude that both gallbladder and antral emptying of a liquid test meal are impaired in obese subjects. Gallbladder emptying improves after acute administration of a low dose cholestyramine with test meal. This effect is sustained after 1 month treatment with a low dose of cholestyramine and does not interfere with gastric emptying of obese patients. Cholestyramine may improve gallbladder hypomotility in obese people.

The effect of acute oral erythromycin on gallbladder motility and on upper gastrointestinal symptoms in gastrectomized patients with and without gallstones: a randomized, placebo-controlled ultrasonographic study

OBJECTIVE:Gastrectomy might be a risk factor for cholelithiasis and gallbladder stasis might play a major role. We studied fasting and postprandial gallbladder motility with 600 mg oral erythromycin or placebo in gastrectomized patients (with and without gallstones) and controls.METHODS:Seventeen patients operated on for gastric cancer (subtotal gastrectomy: n = 10, total gastrectomy: n = 7) were compared with 20 sex- and body-size matched healthy controls. Subjects randomly received erythromycin or placebo 30 min before the ingestion of a standard 200 ml liquid test meal. Gallbladder volume was estimated by ultrasonography until 120 min after test meal. A visual analog scale monitored GI perception of appetite, satiety, nausea, abdominal fullness and epigastric pain.RESULTS:Gastrectomized patients had increased fasting gallbladder volume (35.9 ± 3.4 ml versus 21.0 ± 1.4 ml, p= 0.0005) with faster postmeal emptying (T/2 14.8 ± 1.1 min versus 23.5 ± 1.5 min, p= 0.00019) than controls. Six patients developed small and asymptomatic gallstones, which did not influence gallbladder motility. In these patients, fasting gallbladder volume increased with time after surgery (r =+ 0.82, p= 0.047). Perception of satiety, abdominal fullness, and epigastric pain after ingestion of the test meal were all significantly greater in patients than in controls. Erythromycin significantly enhanced gallbladder emptying during fasting (p= 0.001) and postprandially in both patients and controls (0.002< p < 0.017) and significantly reduced postmeal satiety and epigastric discomfort in gastrectomized patients.CONCLUSIONS:Increased fasting volume might be a form of stasis, predisposing patients to gallstone formation. Erythromycin improves fasting and postprandial gallbladder emptying and decreases upper GI symptoms in gastrectomized patients.

Impaired gallbladder and gastric motility and pathological gastro‐oesophageal reflux in gallstone patients

Impaired gallbladder motility is common in gallstone patients and might be associated with other gastrointestinal defects. Twenty patients with small stones in an opacified gallbladder at oral cholecystography and 20 healthy subjects homogeneous for sex, age and body size were studied by ultrasonography to assess gallbladder and gastric emptying simultaneously in response to a standard liquid meal (120 kcal, 11 g fat, 200 mL). The same subjects underwent ambulatory 24‐h gastro‐oesophageal pH monitoring. Dyspeptic symptoms were specifically investigated using a questionnaire. Gallstone patients had a significantly larger fasting (P < 0.05) and residual (P < 0.005) gallbladder volume with slower (P < 0.05) and less complete (anova, 0.001 < P < 0.05) gastric emptying than healthy control subjects. The speed of antral emptying was significantly correlated with the speed of gallbladder emptying (n = 40, r = + 0.31, P < 0.05). Pathological gastro‐oesophageal reflux was present in 75% and 15% of patients and control subjects respectively (P < 0.05). Overall, 95% of gallstone patients had abnormal pH profiles resulting from pathological gastro‐oesophageal reflux and/or prolonged gastric alkalinization. The speed of post‐prandial antral emptying was significantly correlated with the duration of the longest gastro‐oesophageal reflux episode (r = + 0.30, P < 0.03) and duodeno‐gastric reflux episode (r = + 0.80, P < 0.02). Best predictors for gastric alkalinization were the following indices of gallbladder function: large fasting volume (P = 0.03), large ejection volume (P = 0.009) and slower emptying (P = 0.032). Gallbladder and gastric motility were similar in patients with (n = 12) and without (n = 8) dyspeptic symptoms. Pathological gastro‐oesophageal reflux was found in 83% of dyspeptic patients and in 25% of patients without dyspepsia (P < 0.01). When reflux was present, it was significantly less in asymptomatic than in dyspeptic patients [time at pH < 4, median (range): 6.4% (3.2–22.6%) vs. 47.8% (2.1–87%), P < 0.05]. This study shows that a subgroup of gallstone patients with small—mainly asymptomatic—stones have impaired gallbladder and gastric motility as well as abnormal gastro‐oesophageal pH‐profiles. These findings point to the existence of multiple functional defects of the upper gastrointestinal tract in gallstone disease.

Changes of gallbladder and gastric dynamics in patients with acute hepatitis A

Transient alterations of gallbladder morphology and dynamics have been reported in patients with during acute hepatitis A. The presence of dyspepsia also suggests involvement of gastric motility. During a 60‐day follow‐up, we investigated gallbladder and gastric motility in relation to dyspepsia in acute viral hepatitis A patients.

Standards for diagnosis gastrointestinal motility disorders. Section: ultrasonography position statement from the Gruppo Italiano di Studio Motilità Apparato Digerente (GISMAD)

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, relatively easy, validated and reproducible technique. We assessed the usefulness of functional ultrasonography to study disorders of gastro-oesophageal tract, gallbladder and pancreatic duct. Oesophagus Oesophagus and the gastro-oesophageal junction can be visualized in children up to 5 years old. Ultrasonography shows 100% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity compared to ambulatory pH-metry for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis. Stomach Ultrasonography can be used to estimate whole gastric volume, antral area or diameters, antro-pyloric volume, transpyloric flow in fasting state and in response to test meal. Gallbladder Ultrasonography is reliable to estimate volume in fasting state and in response to test meal or exogenous stimulus. For both stomach and gallbladder, indications might include the study of healthy subjects and of pathophysiologically relevant conditions such as dysmotility-like dyspepsia, suspicion of delayed gastric emptying, diabetes mellitus, gallstone disease and effect of drugs either delaying or accelerating motility. Common bile duct Ultrasonography can be used to estimate interprandial and postprandial common bile duct diameter in patients with clinical suspicion of common bile duct obstruction in fasting state and in response to test meal or exogenous stimuli. Although functional ultrasonography is used mainly for research purposes, its simplicity makes it appealing for clinical use to assess gastrointestinal motility in health and disease.

Prolonged consumption of moderate doses of alcohol and in vitro gastro-duodenal and ileal contractility in the rat.

Abstract. The effects of chronic feeding with moderate doses of ethanol (3% vol/vol in drinking water for 8 weeks), which do not induce tolerance, dependence and withdrawal, on the contractility of gastric, duodenal and ileal strips from rats were investigated. Only 50% of ethanol‐treated specimens (as compared to 100% of saccharose‐fed controls) exhibited antral phasic contractions (frequency decreased by 31% and 27% in the antrum and duodenum, respectively; P < 0.03 vs. controls). The depolarizing agent potassium chloride (KG, 80 mm) produced less peak active tension in the fundus of ethanol‐fed rats (P < 0.01). In alcoholic rats the sensitivity of the antrum to acetyl‐choline was fourfold less than that of control specimens. It is concluded that, in the rat, moderate doses of ethanol given chronically impair both spontaneous and tonic contractility of the stomach and duodenal muscle without affecting ileal contraction. It is possible that motility defects in the gut exposed to ethanol concentrations which do not cause tolerance, dependence or withdrawal in the rat may be due to a local rather than a systemic effect on the smooth muscle.

Beneficial effects of oral tilactase on patients with hypolactasia

Background  A lactose‐free diet is commonly prescribed to subjects with hypolactasia. We tested the effectiveness of a single ingestion of tilactase (a β‐d‐galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae) in adults with hypolactasia, previously assessed by lactose H2‐breath test.

Biliary proteins and their redox status changes in gallstone patients

Background  Proteins might act as pronucleating agents of cholesterol crystallization in bile. However, little is known about the redox status of biliary proteins in humans and their interaction with crystallization of biliary cholesterol.