A.E. Chudakov

Propagation of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Rays of Low Energies in Interplanetary Medium

The report summarizes the results of measurements of low-energy cosmic rays from Zond-3, Venus-2, Venus-3, and Venus-4 space probes for the period from 1965 to 1967 as well as preliminary results from Venus-5 and Venus-6 space probes. It has been shown on the basis of solar cosmic ray bursts and Forbush-decreases of galactic cosmic rays that the solar cosmic rays propagate rapidly from the ejection region near the sun along the beam of magnetic lines of force emerging from the active region on the sun and slowly when they are retarded in the region of the field knee created by the shock wave from the burst and move together with the knee at the velocity of the wave. It has been shown that the observed retardation of shock waves from the bursts results in disappearance of Forbush-decreases and accumulation of solar cosmic rays at distances of ~ 2 AU from the sun. It has been shown on the basis of the observations of variations in galactic cosmic rays that the variation parameters (amplitude, steepness of the fall) are determined by the dynamics, latitude, and development phase of active regions.

Study of the cosmic-ray soft component by the 3rd Soviet earth satellite

Abstract Measurements made with a scintillation counter installed on the 3rd Soviet earth satellite are presented. By this instrument the counting rate corresponding to the energy greater than 35 keV and the total ionization in the scintillator were measured. Two zones of high intensity radiation are observed. The first one is observed on latitudes greater than 60° and altitudes above 300 km. Radiation in this “polar zone” consists of electrons of energy about 100 keV and flux rate of 103 to 104 particles/cm2 sec sterad (increasing with altitude). The second zone is observed on altitudes about 1000 km and latitudes not exceeding 50°. In this “equator zone” the ionization in the scintillator is 3 orders of magnitude greater than that due to cosmic-rays. Strong dependence on latitude and longitude is assumed to be consistent with the symmetry of the zone relative to the inclined and displaced geomagnetic axis. Lower limits are given for the γ-radiation from the Sun.

STUDY OF RADIATIONS DURING THE FLIGHTS OF INTERPLANETARY AUTOMATIC STATIONS MARS-1 AND LUNA-4

Abstract A brief description is given of the apparatus in the “Mars-1” and “Luna-4” stations for recording radiations and the results obtained are discussed. It is found that up to a distance of 0.24 astronomical units from the Earth the intensity of the cosmic radiation remains practically the same. Data are also given on the cosmic ray intensity at different periods of the solar activity cycle. During the flight of “Luna-4” slow smooth variations in the cosmic ray intensity were recorded; these are connected with the variation of the magnetic state of the Solar System. During its flight away from the Earth “Mars-1” passed through the Van Allen belts and data are given on these.