A. F. Mustafa

Influence of dry heat treatment of canola meal on site and extent of nutrient disappearance in ruminants

A study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature and duration of heating (125 or 145 °C for 10, 20 or 30 min) on ruminal, intestinal and total tract disappearance of the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) fractions of canola meal. Two steers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas were utilized. The effects of heating on ruminal disappearance of DM and CP were determined by incubating samples in the rumen for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h. Partitioning DM and CP disappearance between the rumen, intestines (small and large) and total tract was accomplished using the mobile nylon bag technique. Relative to the unheated control meal, heating at 125 or 145 °C reduced (P < 0.05) ruminal DM and CP disappearance. Relative to the control, no effects of heating to 125 °C were observed on intestinal DM or CP disappearance with the exception that samples heated for 20 or 30 min and incubated in the rumen for 24 h had higher (P < 0.05) intestinal DM disappearance values. Heating to 145 °C reduced (P < 0.05) intestinal DM disappearance relative to the control, particularly for samples heated for 30 min. Heating to 145 °C reduced (P < 0.05) intestinal CP disappearance across all rumen incubation times. No differences between the control and meals heated to 125 °C were found in total tract DM and CP disappearance, indicating no negative effects of heating to 125 °C on nutrient digestion. Heating to 145 °C reduced (P < 0.05) both total tract DM and CP disappearance. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content of the treated meal was negatively related to intestinal (r2 = 0.78) and total tract (r2 = 0.82) CP disappearance. It is concluded that heating CM to a temperature of 145 °C will reduce ruminal and total tract availability of the DM and CP fractions. Heating to 125 °C for 10, 20 or 30 min will reduce rumen disappearance of both DM and CP but will not significantly reduce the disappearance of CP over the total tract of the ruminant. These results indicate that short duration heating of canola meal to 125 °C, is an effective method of increasing rumen undegradable protein content without impairing intestinal digestibility.

Effects of stage of processing of canola seed on chemical composition and in vitro protein degradability of canola meal and intermediate products

A study was conducted to determine the effects of stage of processing of canola seed on chemical characteristics and in vitro crude protein degradability (IVCPD) of canola products. Processing stage prior to oil extraction had no effect on nutrient composition or IVCPD of canola products. Prepressing of cooked flaked seed reduced IVCPD and increased fiber and crude protein (CP) levels of presscake relative to canola seed (P < 0.05). Heating in the desolvetizer-toaster increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and reduced CP solubility and IVCPD of canola meal relative to solvent-extracted meal (P < 0.05). Acid detergent insoluble CP of canola products was not affected by stage of processing. It was concluded that major changes in protein composition and degradability took place as a result of heating in the desolventizer-toaster stage. Key words: Canola processing, heat treatment, protein degradability

The nutritive value of hemp meal for ruminants

Hemp meal (HM) is derived from the processing of hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) seeds. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value of HM for ruminants. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in a randomized complete-block design to estimate in situ ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of HM relative to canola meal (CM), heated canola meal (HCM) and borage meal (BM) meal. Intestinal availability of rumen undegraded CP was estimated using a pepsin–pancreatin in vitro assay. Twenty growing lambs were utilized in a completely randomized design to determine total–tract nutrient digestibility coefficients of diets in which HM replaced CM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% as a protein source. Results of the in situ study showed that the soluble-CP fraction of HM was similar to that of HCM and lower (P < 0.05) than those of CM and BM. Rate of degradation of the potentially degradable CP fraction and effective CP degradability of HM was higher (P < 0.05) than HCM and lower (P < 0.0...

Effects of barley silage of different theoretical cut length on digestion kinetics in ruminants

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two theoretical lengths of cut (TLC) (short = 4.7 mm and long = 18.8 mm) on the feeding value of barley silage to steers fed an all-forage diet. In the first study, six steers were used to determine intake of dry matter, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) in a replicated switchback design. In the second study, six steers equipped with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal kinetic and fermentation parameters. Feeding short barley silage to steers increased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), DMD, NDFD, and ADFD compared with feeding long barley silage. The results of the second study showed that reducing barley silage particle size decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal retention time and increased (P < 0.05) passage rate of particulate matter. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.05) at 1000, 1200, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h for steers fed the sh...

EFFECTS OF MOIST HEAT TREATMENT ON CRUDE PROTEIN COMPOSITION AND DEGRADABILITY OF FIELD PEAS

A study was conducted to determine the effects of moist heat treatment (autoclaving at 127 °C with a steam pressure of 117 kPa) of field peas for 10, 20 and 30 min on crude protein (CP) fractions, in situ ruminal CP degradability and post-ruminal availability of rumen undegraded protein. Heat treatment decreased (P < 0.05) buffer-soluble CP and increased (P < 0.05) the amount of CP associated with the neutral detergent fiber fraction without affecting that associated with acid detergent fiber. Ruminal CP degradability decreased (P < 0.05) while post-ruminal availability of rumen undegraded CP increased (P < 0.05) in cubic fashion as heating time increased. It was concluded that autoclaving of field peas for up to 30 min will reduce ruminal CP degradability without affecting protein quality of rumen undegraded protein. Key words: Pea, heat treatment, ruminal degradability, intestinal availability

Effects of processing and fat content of coarse canola screenings on voluntary intake and total tract nutrient digestibility of beef steers.

The effects of feeding canola screenings on voluntary intake (VI) and nutrient digestibility by growing steers were determined in two experiments. Twelve steers were involved in the first experiment to study the effects of processing (grinding and pelleting) of canola screenings on VI and apparent total tract dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), fatty acid digestibility (FAD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD). In the second experiment, the effects of fat level from canola screenings on VI and total tract nutrient digestibilities were determined using 12 steers. The fat levels tested were 67, 100, 128, and 162 g kg−1 ether extract (EE). Feeding processed canola screenings (176 g kg−1 EE) reduced (P < 0.05) VI by 31% and improved (P < 0.05) DMD, CPD, and FAD by 18, 19, and 28%, respectively. Processing of canola screenings reduced (P < 0.05) ADFD by 15% with no effect on NDFD. Increasing dietary fat level from 67 to 162...

Effect of borage meal on nutrient digestibility and performance of ruminants and pigs

Borage meal (BM) is derived from the processing of borage (Borago officinalis) seeds. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the nutritive value of BM as a protein supplement for ruminants and pigs. In situ ruminal effective crude protein degradability (ECPD) was determined for BM relative to four other protein supplements using two ruminally fistulated cows in a randomized complete block design. The protein supplements used for comparsion purposes included two that are high in rumen degradable protein (soybean (SBM) and canola (CM) meals) and two high in rumen undegradable (corn gluten (CGM) and heated canola (HCM) meals) protein. ECPD of borage meal was intermediate to that of the other four protein supplements studied with the following order observed: SBM > CM > BM > HCM > CGM. Voluntary intake (VI) and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients and digestible energy (DE) content of barley grain and dehydrated alfalfa based diets containing graded levels of BM (0, 6, 12 and 18%) were determined in a completely randomized design using 16 growing lambs. No effect (P > 0.05) of BM inclusion rate was observed on VI, nutrient digestibility coefficients and DE values. In two experiments with swine, BM was included at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% in grower diets and 0, 6.75, 13.5, 20.25 and 27% in finisher diets. Both rate and efficiency of gain were depressed in a linear fashion (P < 0.05) as the level of BM in the diet increased. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy also declined linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary BM increased. It was concluded that BM has potential as a protein supplement for ruminants. However, results of the pig experiments showed poor performance when BM was included in grower and finisher diets.

Chemical composition, ruminal kinetic parameters, and nutrient digestibility of ammonia treated oat hulls

A study was conducted to determine the effects of ammoniation (3 or 5% by dry weight) on the nutritive value of oat hulls. Ruminal nutrient kinetic parameters and degradability of untreated and ammoniated oat hulls were determined using two non-lactating cows fitted with rumen cannulas. Eighteen steers were used in a digestibility trial to determine nutrient utilization of three diets consisting of 100% barley silage, 50% untreated oat hulls plus 50% barley silage, and 50% ammoniated oat hulls plus 50% barley silage (DM basis). Ammoniation at both levels increased (P < 0.05) total N and reduced (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre levels of oat hulls. Most of the N added due to ammoniation was in the form of non-protein N. The results of the in situ trial showed that ammoniation at the 3% level increased the potentially degradable NDF and ADF fractions as well as their rates of degradation. Ammoniation at the 3% level improved (P < 0.05) effective ruminal degradability of NDF and ADF of oat hulls by 41 and ...

Canola screenings as a fiber source in barley-based feedlot diets: effects on rumen fermentation and performance of steers

Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of canola screenings in combination with barley grain for beef steers. Four dietary treatments were used. These included canola screenings:barley grain ratios of 100:0; 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 (as-fed basis). In a metabolic trial, the effects of dietary treatment on ruminal fermentation parameters were determined in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment using four ruminally fistulated steers. In a production trial, 66 individually fed steers were used in an 83-d finishing trial to determine the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle fed different levels of canola screenings. A barley grain/barley silage-based control diet was also fed for comparison purposes. Ruminal pH decreased (P < 0.05) while total volatile fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0.05) as the level of barley grain in the diet increased. Ruminal NH3–N followed a pattern (P < 0.05) similar to that of pH. Inclusion level of canola screenings had no effect ...

The effects of feeding high fiber canola meal on total tract digestibility and milk production

Two studies were undertaken to evaluate the nutritive value of high fiber canola meal (HFCM) relative to regular canola meal for ruminants. In the first study, 21 growing lambs were utilized in a randomized complete block design to determine the total tract digestion coefficients of dry matter (DMD), crude protein (CPD), gross energy (GED), neutral (NDFD) and acid (ADFD) detergent fiber and the digestible energy (DE) contents of seven dehydrated alfalfa-based diets containing 0, 250, 500 and 750 g kg−1 HFCM or canola meal. In the second study, the effect of feeding HFCM as a protein supplement to dairy cows relative to canola meal and soybean meal (SBM) was examined in a triple 3 × 3 Latin square design. Results of the first study showed that HFCM had lower (P < 0.05) DMD, CPD, GED and DE contents than canola meal. The estimated DMD, CPD and GED and DE contents for HFCM were 674 and 795 g kg−1, 695 kJ MJ−1 and 13.68 MJ kg−1, respectively. The corresponding values for canola meal were 707 and 841 g kg−1, 7...