A. Hirsch

Elliptic flow: Transition from out-of-plane to in-plane emission in Au + Au collisions

We have measured the proton elliptic flow excitation function for the Au + Au system spanning the beam energy range 2 -- 8 AGeV. The excitation function shows a transition from negative to positive elliptic flow at a beam energy,

Radial flow in Au + Au collisions at E = (0.25-1.15)A GeV

E_{tr} sim

Conceptualizing climate change in the context of a climate system: implications for climate and environmental education

4 AGeV. Detailed comparisons with calculations from a relativistic Boltzmann-equation are presented. The comparisons suggest a softening of the nuclear equation of state (EOS) from a stiff form (K sim 380 MeV) at low beam energies (E_{Beam} le 2 AGeV) to a softer form (K sim 210 MeV) at higher energies (E_{Beam} ge

Statistical signatures of critical behavior in small systems

4 AGeV) where the calculated baryon density

The energy dependence of flow in Ni induced collisions from 400A to 1970A MeV

rho sim 4 rho_0

Nuclear multifragmentation, percolation and the Fisher Droplet model: common features of reducibility and thermal scaling

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Azimuthal dependence of pion interferometry at the AGS

A systematic study of energy spectra for light particles emitted at midrapidity from Au+Au collisions at {ital E}= (0.25--1.15){ital A} GeV reveals a significant nonthermal component consistent with a collective radial flow. This component is evaluated as a function of bombarding energy and event centrality. Comparisons to quantum molecular dynamics and Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck models are made for different equations of state.

Search for charged strange quark matter produced in 11.5A GeV/c Au+Pb collisions

Today there is much interest in teaching secondary students about climate change. Much of this effort has focused directly on students’ understanding of climate change. We hypothesize, however, that in order for students to understand climate change they must first understand climate as a system and how changes to this system due to both natural and human influences result in climatic and environmental changes and feedbacks. The purpose of this article is to articulate a climate system framework for teaching about climate change and to stimulate discussion about what secondary students should know and understand about a climate system. We first provide an overview of the research on secondary students’ conceptions of climate and climate change. We then present a climate system framework for teaching about climate and climate change that builds on students’ conceptions and scientific perspectives. We conclude by articulating a draft conceptual progression based on students’ conceptions and our climate system framework as a means to inform curriculum development, instructional design, and future research in climate and environmental education.

Comparison of source images for protons, pi-'s, and lambda's in 6A GeV Au+Au collisions.

The cluster distributions of three different systems are examined to search for signatures of a continuous phase transition. In a system known to possess such a phase transition, both sensitive and insensitive signatures are present; while in systems known not to possess such a phase transition, only insensitive signatures are present. It is shown that nuclear multifragmentation results in cluster distributions belonging to the former category, suggesting that the fragments are the result of a continuous phase transition.

Centrality and momentum-selected elliptic flow: Tighter constraints for the nuclear equation of state

We study the energy dependence of collective (hydrodynamic-like) nuclear matter flow in (400{endash}1970){ital A} MeV Ni+Au and (1000{endash}1970){ital A} MeV Ni+Cu reactions. The flow increases with energy, appears to reach a maximum, and then to decrease at higher energies. A way of comparing the energy dependence of flow values for different projectile-target mass combinations is introduced, which demonstrates a more-or-less common scaling behavior among flow values from different systems. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}