A. I. Belokon

Scandium alkoxides: the first mixed-ligand alkoxides containing the [M5O(OR)8] core, scandium alkoxoaluminates

Abstract The electrochemical synthesis of Sc(OMe)3 (1), Sc(OEt)3 (2) and Sc5O(OPri)13 (3) was carried out via anodic oxidation of scandium metal in aliphatic alcohols. X-ray single crystal study showed 3 to be analogous to the known isopropoxides of Y, Er, Yb and In. The interaction of 3 with excess ROH (R=Me, Et, Bun, Bus, But) gives non-volatile amorphous 1, 2 and Sc(OBun)3 (4), and volatile Sc5O(OBus)13 (5) and Sc5O(OPri)8(OBut)5 (6). Oxoalkoxides Sc5O(OPri)8(OR)5 (R=Bun 7, Me 8) were obtained on reaction of 3 with n-ROH in 1:5 ratio. The mass spectral study shows 5 is an individual compound, whereas 6–8 in the gas phase consist of a number of aggregates with different extents of substitution for OPri groups, Sc5O(OR)n(OPri)13−n: for R=But n≤5, for R=Bun n≤8, and for R=Me n≤12. The maximal intensity in the spectrum of 6 is observed for Sc5O(OPri)10(OBut)2+, and in the spectra of 7 and 8 for Sc5O(OPri)12−n(OBun)n+, n=4, 5, and Sc5O(OPri)9(OMe)3+ respectively. The presence of the Sc5O(OMe)12+ ion in the spectrum of 8 indicates the possibility of replacing all the OPri in the pentanuclear core and demonstrates the existence of a ‘volatile scandium methoxide’ in the gas phase. Study of the complex formation of Sc(OR)3 with Al(OR)3 has shown that 2 and 4 form volatile Sc[Al(OR)4]3, R=Et 9, Bun 10, while 3 does not react under these conditions. Sc[Al(OPri)4]3 (11) can be obtained only on exchange reaction of ScCl3 with KAl(OPri)4. The results obtained indicate rather high stability of the [Sc5O(OR)8] core for primary and secondary R.

Bimetallic alkoxides of aluminium-hafnium and aluminium-zirconium. X-ray structure of Al2Hf(OPri)10

Abstract The solubility studies in the Al(OR) 4 (OR) 3 -M(OR) 4 · ROH-ROH (R - Pr i ) systems at 20°C revealed the existence of the only complex, Al 2 M(OR) 10 , [M-Hf( I ), Zr( II )]. The literature data on the existence of the AlM(OR) 7 species were disproved. According to the results of the single crystal X-ray diffraction study of I , its molecule has a two-fold symmetry axis and involves two peripheral tetrahedrally coordinated Al atoms, each of their coordination tetrahedra sharing one common edge with the coordination octahedron of the central Hf atom, [(RO) 2 Al(μ-OR) 2 ] 2 Hf(OR) 2 . The mean planes of almost planar [AlO 2 Hf] cycles form the dihedral angle of 82° with each other. Mass-spectra of I and II show two fragmentation pathways, viz. : (1) the elimination of the ether molecule accompanied by the formation of oxo groups, and (2) the Al(OR) 3 molecule abstraction producing the AlM(OR) 6 + ions. According to the X-ray powder diffraction data crystals of I and II are isostructural. The influence of the oligomeric Zr and Hf oxoalkoxides, formed as a result of partial thermolysis of M(OR) 4 ·ROH, on the processes of formation of complexes with Al(OR) 3 has been elucidated. The non-crystalline solid Al 2 Hf(OEt) 10 was isolated from ethanol solution, its mass-spectral fragmentation being analogous to that of I and II

Homolytic Reactive Mass Spectrometry of Fullerenes: Interaction of C60 and C70 with Ketones in the Electron Impact Ion Source of a Mass Spectrometer and the Comparison of Results with Those of Photochemical Reactions of C60 with Several Ketones in Solution

Our previous investigations showed that homolytic reactions of C60 with a number of perfluoroorganic and organomercury(II) compounds occurring under electron impact (EI) in the ionization chamber (IC) of a mass spectrometer could predict the reactivity of C60 towards these compounds in solution or solid state. To expand the scope of this statement, C60 and C70 have been reacted with ketones RCOR1, where R and R1 are alkyl, aryl, benzyl, and CF3, in an IC under EI to yield products of the addition of R· and R1· radicals to the fullerenes, paramagnetic ones being stabilized by hydrogen addition and loss. Experimental evidence in support of a mechanism involving homolytic dissociation of ketone molecules via superexcited states to afford these radicals that react with the fullerenes at the IC surface has been obtained. As anticipated, the reactions between C60 and several ketones conducted in solution under UV irradiation have afforded Me-, Ph-, and CF3-derivatives of C60. However, some other products have been identified by mass spectrometry and their formation is reasonably explained. When decalin has been employed as a solvent, decalinyl derivatives of the fullerene have been found among the products and the (9-decalinyl)fullerenyl radical has been registered by EPR. Thus, incomplete but reasonable conformity of the results of the reactions of fullerenes with ketones in an IC under EI with those of the reactions of the same reagents in solution under UV irradiation has been demonstrated, and the former results can predict the latter ones to a reasonable extent.

Interaction of Fullerenes with Organosilanes in the Ionization Chamber of a Mass Spectrometer under Electron Impact and the Reaction of C60 with Tetraphenylsilane in Solution under UV Irradiation

C60 was shown to react with organosilanes Me4Si, Ph2SiH2, Ph2MeSiH, Ph4Si, and α-naphthylphenylmethylsilane in the electron ionization ion source of a mass spectrometer with the transfer of the corresponding organic radicals (Me, Ph, and α-naphthyl) from the silanes to the fullerene. The reactions were accompanied by hydrogen addition to some products and hydrogen loss from them. C70 reacted with Me4Si analogously. A reaction mechanism involving homolytic dissociation of the silanes under electron impact to the corresponding organic radicals, which react further with C60 at the surface of the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer to give the respective adducts, was offered. A mechanistic study of the reaction of C60 with Me4Si supported it. No silicon containing derivatives of the fullerenes were found. C60 reacted with Ph4Si in solution under UV irradiation in a similar fashion furnishing phenyl derivatives of the fullerene. These results provide an additional support to the hypothesis formulated earlier that the homolytic reactive mass spectrometry of fullerenes (the reactions of fullerenes with other species in the ionization chambers of mass spectrometers and their mass spectral monitoring) can predict the reactivity of them toward the same reagents in solution to a significant extent.