A.I. Tergas

Rectal balloon use limits vaginal displacement, rectal dose, and rectal toxicity in patients receiving IMRT for postoperative gynecological malignancies

Pelvic radiotherapy for gynecologic malignancies traditionally used a 4-field box technique. Later trials have shown the feasibility of using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) instead. But vaginal movement between fractions is concerning when using IMRT due to greater conformality of the isodose curves to the target and the resulting possibility of missing the target while the vagina is displaced. In this study, we showed that the use of a rectal balloon during treatment can decrease vaginal displacement, limit rectal dose, and limit acute and late toxicities. Little is known regarding the use of a rectal balloon (RB) in treating patients with IMRT in the posthysterectomy setting. We hypothesize that the use of an RB during treatment can limit rectal dose and acute and long-term toxicities, as well as decrease vaginal cuff displacement between fractions. We performed a retrospective review of patients with gynecological malignancies who received postoperative IMRT with the use of an RB from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2015. Rectal dose constraint was examined as per Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 1203 and 0418. Daily cone beam computed tomography (CT) was performed, and the average (avg) displacement, avg magnitude, and avg magnitude of vector were calculated. Toxicity was reported according to RTOG acute radiation morbidity scoring criteria. Acute toxicity was defined as less than 90 days from the end of radiation treatment. Late toxicity was defined as at least 90 days after completing radiation. Twenty-eight patients with postoperative IMRT with the use of an RB were examined and 23 treatment plans were reviewed. The avg rectal V40 was 39.3%u2009±u20099.0%. V30 was65.1%u2009±u200910.0%. V50 was 0%. Separate cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (n = 663) were reviewed. The avg displacement was as follows: superior 0.4u2009+u20092.99u2009mm, left 0.23u2009±u20094.97u2009mm, and anterior 0.16u2009±u20095.18u2009mm. The avg magnitude of displacement was superior/inferior 2.22u2009±u20092.04u2009mm, laterally 3.41u2009±u20093.62u2009mm, and anterior/posterior 3.86u2009±u20093.45u2009mm. The avg vector magnitude was 6.60u2009±u20094.14u2009mm. For acute gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities, 50% experienced grade 1 toxicities and 18% grade 2 GI toxicities. For acute genitourinary (GU) toxicities, 21% had grade 1 and 18% had grade 2 toxicities. For late GU toxicities, 7% had grade 1 and 4% had grade 2 toxicities. RB for gynecological patients receiving IMRT in the postoperative setting can limit V40 rectal dose and vaginal displacement. Although V30 constraints were not met, patients had limited acute and late toxicities. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Gynecological Cancer Screening, Treatment, and Survival

Differences in cancer screening and treatment have been associated with race and ethnic classification. Several disparities have been identified in gynecologic cancer screening and therapy, most often affecting black and Hispanic women. The causes of health disparities are multifactorial and involve systemic, provider, and patient factors, including cultural attitudes, socioeconomic status, education level, and geographic barriers. This chapter documents the disparities in gynecologic cancer screening, treatment, and survival for women with cancers of the cervix, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and vulva. Each disease site has specific areas where minimizing differences in access to care can potentially minimize the disparate health outcomes seen among specific racial and ethnic groups.